In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

riscv: fgraph: Fix stack layout to match __arch_ftrace_regs argument of ftrace_return_to_handler

Naresh Kamboju reported a "Bad frame pointer" kernel warning while
running LTP trace ftrace_stress_test.sh in riscv. We can reproduce the
same issue with the following command:

$ cd /sys/kernel/debug/tracing
$ echo 'f:myprobe do_nanosleep%return args1=$retval' > dynamic_events
$ echo 1 > events/fprobes/enable
$ echo 1 > tracing_on
$ sleep 1

And we can get the following kernel warning:

[ 127.692888] ------------[ cut here ]------------
[ 127.693755] Bad frame pointer: expected ff2000000065be50, received ba34c141e9594000
[ 127.693755] from func do_nanosleep return to ffffffff800ccb16
[ 127.698699] WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 129 at kernel/trace/fgraph.c:755 ftrace_return_to_handler+0x1b2/0x1be
[ 127.699894] Modules linked in:
[ 127.700908] CPU: 1 UID: 0 PID: 129 Comm: sleep Not tainted 6.14.0-rc3-g0ab191c74642 #32
[ 127.701453] Hardware name: riscv-virtio,qemu (DT)
[ 127.701859] epc : ftrace_return_to_handler+0x1b2/0x1be
[ 127.702032] ra : ftrace_return_to_handler+0x1b2/0x1be
[ 127.702151] epc : ffffffff8013b5e0 ra : ffffffff8013b5e0 sp : ff2000000065bd10
[ 127.702221] gp : ffffffff819c12f8 tp : ff60000080853100 t0 : 6e00000000000000
[ 127.702284] t1 : 0000000000000020 t2 : 6e7566206d6f7266 s0 : ff2000000065bd80
[ 127.702346] s1 : ff60000081262000 a0 : 000000000000007b a1 : ffffffff81894f20
[ 127.702408] a2 : 0000000000000010 a3 : fffffffffffffffe a4 : 0000000000000000
[ 127.702470] a5 : 0000000000000000 a6 : 0000000000000008 a7 : 0000000000000038
[ 127.702530] s2 : ba34c141e9594000 s3 : 0000000000000000 s4 : ff2000000065bdd0
[ 127.702591] s5 : 00007fff8adcf400 s6 : 000055556dc1d8c0 s7 : 0000000000000068
[ 127.702651] s8 : 00007fff8adf5d10 s9 : 000000000000006d s10: 0000000000000001
[ 127.702710] s11: 00005555737377c8 t3 : ffffffff819d899e t4 : ffffffff819d899e
[ 127.702769] t5 : ffffffff819d89a0 t6 : ff2000000065bb18
[ 127.702826] status: 0000000200000120 badaddr: 0000000000000000 cause: 0000000000000003
[ 127.703292] [] ftrace_return_to_handler+0x1b2/0x1be
[ 127.703760] [] return_to_handler+0x16/0x26
[ 127.704009] [] return_to_handler+0x0/0x26
[ 127.704057] [] common_nsleep+0x42/0x54
[ 127.704117] [] __riscv_sys_clock_nanosleep+0xba/0x10a
[ 127.704176] [] do_trap_ecall_u+0x188/0x218
[ 127.704295] [] handle_exception+0x14a/0x156
[ 127.705436] ---[ end trace 0000000000000000 ]---

The reason is that the stack layout for constructing argument for the
ftrace_return_to_handler in the return_to_handler does not match the
__arch_ftrace_regs structure of riscv, leading to unexpected results.

References

• https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2025-22069
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/67a5ba8f742f247bc83e46dd2313c142b1383276
• https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/78b39c587b8f6c69140177108f9c08a75b1c7c37