port to udisks2

Makefile

@@ -7,16 +7,15 @@ LIBDIR		?= lib
 # compiler/linker options
 CC		:= gcc
 CFLAGS		:= $(CFLAGS) -Wall -fPIC `pkg-config --cflags libxml-2.0` \
-	`pkg-config --cflags dbus-1`
+	`pkg-config --cflags udisks2`
 LIBS		:= `pkg-config --libs libxml-2.0` \
-	`pkg-config --libs dbus-1`
+	`pkg-config --libs udisks2`
 
 # common source files
 SRCS		:= src/conf.c \
 		   src/mem.c \
 		   src/log.c \
 		   src/xpath.c \
-		   src/hal.c \
 		   src/pad.c \
 		   src/volume.c \
 		   src/local.c \

src/device.c

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+/* -*- mode: c; c-file-style: "bsd"; indent-tabs-mode: t; -*- */
+
 /*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Luka Novsak <lnovsak@gmail.com>
  * Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Andrea Luzzardi <scox@sig11.org>
  *
  * This file is part of the pam_usb project. pam_usb is free software;
@@ -18,63 +21,81 @@
 #include <unistd.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
-#include <dbus/dbus.h>
-#include "mem.h"
+
+#include <udisks/udisks.h>
+
 #include "conf.h"
-#include "hal.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "pad.h"
 #include "device.h"
 
-static int pusb_device_connected(t_pusb_options *opts, DBusConnection *dbus)
+static int pusb_device_connected(t_pusb_options *opts, UDisksClient *udisks)
 {
-	char	*udi = NULL;
+	GDBusObjectManager	*manager = udisks_client_get_object_manager(udisks);
+	GList			*objects = g_dbus_object_manager_get_objects(manager);
+	int			retval = 0;
+	int			i;
+	UDisksObject		*object = NULL;
+	UDisksDrive		*drive = NULL;
+
+	manager = udisks_client_get_object_manager(udisks);
+	objects = g_dbus_object_manager_get_objects(manager);
 
 	log_debug("Searching for \"%s\" in the hardware database...\n",
 			opts->device.name);
-	udi = pusb_hal_find_item(dbus,
-			"DriveSerial", opts->device.serial,
-			"DriveVendor", opts->device.vendor,
-			"DriveModel", opts->device.model,
-			NULL);
-	if (!udi)
+
+	for (i = 0; i < g_list_length(objects); ++i)
 	{
-	  log_error("Device \"%s\" is not connected.\n",
-				opts->device.name);
-	  return (0);
+		object = UDISKS_OBJECT(g_list_nth(objects, i)->data);
+		if (udisks_object_peek_drive(object))
+		{
+			drive = udisks_object_get_drive(object);
+			retval = strcmp(udisks_drive_get_serial(drive), opts->device.serial) == 0 &&
+					strcmp(udisks_drive_get_vendor(drive), opts->device.vendor) == 0 &&
+					strcmp(udisks_drive_get_model(drive), opts->device.model) == 0;
+			g_object_unref(drive);
+			if (retval)
+				break;
+		}
 	}
-	xfree(udi);
-	log_info("Device \"%s\" is connected (good).\n", opts->device.name);
-	return (1);
+
+	if (retval)
+		log_info("Device \"%s\" is connected (good).\n",
+				opts->device.name);
+	else
+		log_error("Device \"%s\" is not connected (bad).\n",
+				opts->device.name);
+
+	g_list_foreach (objects, (GFunc) g_object_unref, NULL);
+	g_list_free (objects);
+
+	return (retval);
 }
 
-int pusb_device_check(t_pusb_options *opts,
-		const char *user)
+int pusb_device_check(t_pusb_options *opts, const char *user)
 {
-	DBusConnection	*dbus = NULL;
-	int				retval = 0;
+	UDisksClient	*udisks = NULL;
+	int		retval = 0;
 
-	log_debug("Connecting to HAL...\n");
-	if (!(dbus = pusb_hal_dbus_connect()))
-		return (0);
+	udisks = udisks_client_new_sync(NULL, NULL);
 
-	if (!pusb_device_connected(opts, dbus))
+	if (!pusb_device_connected(opts, udisks))
 	{
-		pusb_hal_dbus_disconnect(dbus);
+		g_object_unref(udisks);
 		return (0);
 	}
 
 	if (opts->one_time_pad)
 	{
 		log_info("Performing one time pad verification...\n");
-		retval = pusb_pad_check(opts, dbus, user);
+		retval = pusb_pad_check(opts, udisks, user);
 	}
 	else
 	{
 		log_debug("One time pad is disabled, no more verifications to do.\n");
 		retval = 1;
 	}
 
-	pusb_hal_dbus_disconnect(dbus);
+	g_object_unref(udisks);
 	return (retval);
 }

src/device.h

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 
 #ifndef PUSB_DEVICE_H_
 # define PUSB_DEVICE_H_
+# include "conf.h"
 
 int pusb_device_check(t_pusb_options *opts, const char *user);
 

src/pad.c

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+/* -*- mode: c; c-file-style: "bsd"; indent-tabs-mode: t; -*- */
+
 /*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Luka Novsak <lnovsak@gmail.com>
  * Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Andrea Luzzardi <scox@sig11.org>
  *
  * This file is part of the pam_usb project. pam_usb is free software;
@@ -15,6 +18,8 @@
  * Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
  */
 
+#include "pad.h"
+
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
@@ -25,10 +30,10 @@
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <pwd.h>
 #include <time.h>
+
 #include "conf.h"
 #include "log.h"
 #include "volume.h"
-#include "pad.h"
 
 static FILE *pusb_pad_open_device(t_pusb_options *opts,
 		const char *mnt_point,
@@ -262,20 +267,23 @@ static int pusb_pad_compare(t_pusb_options *opts, const char *volume,
 	return (retval == 0);
 }
 
-int pusb_pad_check(t_pusb_options *opts, DBusConnection *dbus,
+int pusb_pad_check(t_pusb_options *opts,
+		UDisksClient *udisks,
 		const char *user)
 {
-	char			*volume = NULL;
-	int				retval = 0;
+	t_pusb_volume	*volume = NULL;
+	int		retval = 0;
 
-	volume = pusb_volume_get(opts, dbus);
+	volume = pusb_volume_get(opts, udisks);
 	if (!volume)
 		return (0);
-	retval = pusb_pad_compare(opts, volume, user);
+
+	retval = pusb_pad_compare(opts, volume->mount_point, user);
 	if (retval)
-		pusb_pad_update(opts, volume, user);
+		pusb_pad_update(opts, volume->mount_point, user);
 	else
-		log_error("Pad checking failed !\n");
+		log_error("Pad checking failed!\n");
+
 	pusb_volume_destroy(volume);
 	return (retval);
 }

src/pad.h

@@ -17,7 +17,9 @@
 
 #ifndef PUSB_OTP_H_
 # define PUSB_OTP_H_
+# include <udisks/udisks.h>
+# include "conf.h"
 
-int pusb_pad_check(t_pusb_options *opts, DBusConnection *dbus, const char *user);
+int pusb_pad_check(t_pusb_options *opts, UDisksClient *udisks, const char *user);
 
 #endif /* !PUSB_OTP_H_ */

src/volume.c

@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
+/* -*- mode: c; c-file-style: "bsd"; indent-tabs-mode: t; -*- */
+
 /*
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Luka Novsak <lnovsak@gmail.com>
  * Copyright (c) 2003-2007 Andrea Luzzardi <scox@sig11.org>
  *
  * This file is part of the pam_usb project. pam_usb is free software;
@@ -24,145 +27,177 @@
 #ifndef __GNU__
 #include <sys/mount.h>
 #endif
+
 #include "mem.h"
 #include "conf.h"
 #include "log.h"
-#include "hal.h"
 #include "volume.h"
 
-static int pusb_volume_mount(t_pusb_options *opts, char *udi,
-		DBusConnection *dbus)
+static int pusb_volume_mount(t_pusb_volume *volume)
 {
-	char		command[1024];
-	char		tempname[32];
-	const char	*devname;
+	GError			*error = NULL;
+	GVariant		*options = NULL;
+	GVariantBuilder		builder;
+	int			retval = 0;
+	const gchar *const	*mount_points = NULL;
 
-	snprintf(tempname, sizeof(tempname), "pam_usb%d", getpid());
-	if (!(devname = pusb_hal_get_string_property(dbus, udi, "DeviceFile")))
-	{
-		log_error("Unable to retrieve device filename\n");
-		return (0);
-	}
-	log_debug("Attempting to mount device %s with label %s\n",
-			devname, tempname);
-	snprintf(command, sizeof(command), "pmount -A -s %s %s",
-			 devname, tempname);
-	log_debug("Executing \"%s\"\n", command);
-	if (system(command) != 0)
-	{
-		log_error("Mount failed\n");
-		return (0);
-	}
+	g_variant_builder_init(&builder, G_VARIANT_TYPE_VARDICT);
+	options = g_variant_builder_end(&builder);
 
-	log_debug("Mount succeeded.\n");
-	return (1);
-}
+	log_debug("Attempting to mount device %s.\n", volume->device);
 
-static char *pusb_volume_mount_path(t_pusb_options *opts, char *udi, DBusConnection* dbus)
-{
-	dbus_bool_t is_mounted;
-	if (!pusb_hal_get_bool_property(dbus, udi, "DeviceIsMounted", &is_mounted))
-	{
-		return (NULL);
-	}
-	if (is_mounted != TRUE)
+	udisks_filesystem_call_mount_sync(volume->filesystem,
+			options,
+			&volume->mount_point,
+			NULL,
+			&error);
+
+	if (!error)
 	{
-		log_debug("Device %s is not mounted\n", udi);
-		return (NULL);
+		volume->unmount = 1;
+		retval = 1;
+		log_debug("Mounted device %s to %s.\n",
+				volume->device, volume->mount_point);
 	}
-
-	int n_mount;
-	char **mount_pathes = pusb_hal_get_string_array_property(dbus, udi, "DeviceMountPaths", &n_mount);
-	if (!mount_pathes)
+	else if (error->code == UDISKS_ERROR_ALREADY_MOUNTED)
 	{
-		log_debug("Failed to retrieve device %s mount path\n", udi);
-		return (NULL);
+		g_main_context_iteration(NULL, FALSE);
+		mount_points = udisks_filesystem_get_mount_points(volume->filesystem);
+		volume->mount_point = xstrdup(*mount_points);
+		retval = 1;
+		log_debug("Device %s mounted in between our probe and mount.\n",
+				volume->device);
 	}
-	if (n_mount > 1)
+	else
 	{
-		log_debug("Device %s is mounted more than once\n", udi);
+		log_error("Failed to mount device %s.\n", volume->device);
 	}
-	char *mount_path = xstrdup(mount_pathes[0]);
-	pusb_hal_free_string_array(mount_pathes, n_mount);
-	log_debug("Device %s is mounted on %s\n", udi, mount_path);
-	return (mount_path);
+
+	if (error)
+		g_error_free(error);
+
+	return (retval);
 }
 
-static char	*pusb_volume_probe(t_pusb_options *opts,
-		DBusConnection *dbus)
+static t_pusb_volume *pusb_volume_probe(t_pusb_options *opts,
+		UDisksClient *udisks)
 {
-	int				maxtries = 0;
-	int				i;
+	t_pusb_volume		*volume = NULL;
+	int			maxtries = (opts->probe_timeout * 1000000) / 250000;
+	int			i;
+	int			j;
+	GList			*blocks = NULL;
+	UDisksBlock		*block = NULL;
+	UDisksObject		*object = NULL;
+	const gchar *const	*mount_points = NULL;
 
 	if (!*(opts->device.volume_uuid))
 	{
-		log_debug("No UUID configured for device\n");
+		log_debug("No UUID configured for device.\n");
 		return (NULL);
 	}
-	log_debug("Searching for volume with uuid %s\n", opts->device.volume_uuid);
-	maxtries = ((opts->probe_timeout * 1000000) / 250000);
+
+	log_debug("Searching for volume with uuid %s.\n",
+			opts->device.volume_uuid);
+
 	for (i = 0; i < maxtries; ++i)
 	{
-		char	*udi = NULL;
+		blocks = udisks_client_get_block_for_uuid(udisks, opts->device.volume_uuid);
 
 		if (i == 1)
 			log_info("Probing volume (this could take a while)...\n");
-		udi = pusb_hal_find_item(dbus,
-				"IdUuid", opts->device.volume_uuid,
-				NULL);
-		if (!udi)
+
+		for (j = 0; j < g_list_length(blocks); ++j)
 		{
-			usleep(250000);
-			continue;
+			block = UDISKS_BLOCK(g_list_nth(blocks, j)->data);
+			object = UDISKS_OBJECT(g_dbus_interface_get_object(G_DBUS_INTERFACE(block)));
+
+			if (udisks_object_peek_filesystem(object))
+			{
+				volume = xmalloc(sizeof(t_pusb_volume));
+				volume->filesystem = udisks_object_get_filesystem(object);
+				volume->unmount = 0;
+				volume->device = xstrdup(udisks_block_get_device(block));
+				volume->mount_point = NULL;
+
+				mount_points = udisks_filesystem_get_mount_points(volume->filesystem);
+				if (mount_points && *mount_points)
+					volume->mount_point = xstrdup(*mount_points);
+
+				break;
+			}
+		}
+
+		g_list_foreach (blocks, (GFunc) g_object_unref, NULL);
+		g_list_free (blocks);
+
+		if (volume)
+		{
+			log_debug("Found volume %s.\n", opts->device.volume_uuid);
+			break;
 		}
-		return (udi);
+
+		usleep(250000);
+		g_main_context_iteration(NULL, FALSE);
 	}
-	return (NULL);
+
+	if (!volume)
+		log_debug("Could not find volume %s.\n",
+				opts->device.volume_uuid);
+
+	return (volume);
 }
 
-char *pusb_volume_get(t_pusb_options *opts, DBusConnection *dbus)
+t_pusb_volume *pusb_volume_get(t_pusb_options *opts, UDisksClient *udisks)
 {
-	char	*volume_udi;
-	char	*mount_point;
+	t_pusb_volume *volume = pusb_volume_probe(opts, udisks);
 
-	if (!(volume_udi = pusb_volume_probe(opts, dbus)))
+	if (!volume)
 		return (NULL);
-	log_debug("Found volume %s\n", opts->device.volume_uuid);
-	mount_point = pusb_volume_mount_path(opts, volume_udi, dbus);
-	if (mount_point)
-	{
-		log_debug("Volume is already mounted.\n");
-		return (mount_point);
-	}
-	if (!pusb_volume_mount(opts, volume_udi, dbus))
+
+	if (volume->mount_point)
 	{
-		xfree(volume_udi);
-		return (NULL);
+		log_debug("Volume %s is already mounted.\n",
+				opts->device.volume_uuid);
+		return (volume);
 	}
-	mount_point = pusb_volume_mount_path(opts, volume_udi, dbus);
-	if (!mount_point)
+
+	if(!pusb_volume_mount(volume))
 	{
-		log_error("Unable to retrieve %s mount point\n", volume_udi);
-		pusb_volume_destroy(mount_point);
+		pusb_volume_destroy(volume);
 		return (NULL);
 	}
-	return (mount_point);
+
+	return (volume);
 }
 
-void pusb_volume_destroy(char *mntpoint)
+void pusb_volume_destroy(t_pusb_volume *volume)
 {
-	if (mntpoint && strstr(mntpoint, "pam_usb"))
+	GVariantBuilder	builder;
+	GVariant	*options;
+	int		ret;
+
+	if (volume->unmount)
 	{
-		char	command[1024];
-
-		log_debug("Attempting to umount %s\n",
-				mntpoint);
-		snprintf(command, sizeof(command), "pumount %s", mntpoint);
-		log_debug("Executing \"%s\"\n", command);
-		if (!system(command))
-			log_debug("Umount succeeded.\n");
-		else
-			log_error("Unable to umount %s\n", mntpoint);
+		g_variant_builder_init(&builder, G_VARIANT_TYPE_VARDICT);
+		options = g_variant_builder_end(&builder);
+
+		log_debug("Attempting to unmount %s from %s.\n",
+				volume->device, volume->mount_point);
+
+		ret = udisks_filesystem_call_unmount_sync(volume->filesystem,
+				options,
+				NULL,
+				NULL);
+		if (!ret)
+			log_error("Unable to unmount %s from %s\n",
+				volume->device, volume->mount_point);
+
+		log_debug("Unmount succeeded.\n");
 	}
-	xfree(mntpoint);
+
+	g_object_unref(volume->filesystem);
+	xfree(volume->device);
+	xfree(volume->mount_point);
+	xfree(volume);
 }

src/volume.h

@@ -17,9 +17,18 @@
 
 #ifndef VOLUME_H_
 # define VOLUME_H_
-# include "hal.h"
+# include <udisks/udisks.h>
+# include "conf.h"
 
-char *pusb_volume_get(t_pusb_options *opts, DBusConnection *dbus);
-void pusb_volume_destroy(char *mntpoint);
+typedef struct pusb_volume
+{
+	UDisksFilesystem *filesystem;
+	int unmount;
+	char *device;
+	char *mount_point;
+} t_pusb_volume;
+
+t_pusb_volume *pusb_volume_get(t_pusb_options *opts, UDisksClient *udisks);
+void pusb_volume_destroy(t_pusb_volume *volume);
 
 #endif /* !VOLUME_H_ */

tools/pamusb-agent

@@ -20,10 +20,13 @@ import sys
 import pwd
 import getopt
 import syslog
-import gobject
-import dbus
-if getattr(dbus, 'version', (0,0,0)) >= (0,41,0):
-	import dbus.glib
+import gi
+
+gi.require_version('UDisks', '2.0')
+
+from gi.repository import GLib
+from gi.repository import UDisks
+
 try:
 	# Python 2.5
 	import xml.etree.ElementTree as et
@@ -39,41 +42,46 @@ class HotPlugDevice:
 		self.__udi = None
 		self.__serial = serial
 		self.__callbacks = []
-		self.__bus = dbus.SystemBus()
 		self.__running = False
 
 	def run(self):
 		self.__scanDevices()
 		self.__registerSignals()
 		self.__running = True
-		gobject.MainLoop().run()
+		GLib.MainLoop().run()
 		print 'signals registered'
 
 	def addCallback(self, callback):
 		self.__callbacks.append(callback)
 
 	def __scanDevices(self):
-		halService = self.__bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.UDisks',
-				'/org/freedesktop/UDisks')
-		halManager = dbus.Interface(halService, 'org.freedesktop.UDisks')
-		for udi in halManager.EnumerateDevices():
-			self.__deviceAdded(udi)
+		for udi in udisksObjectManager.get_objects():
+			if udi.get_block():
+				device = udisks.get_drive_for_block(udi.get_block())
+				if device:
+					self.__deviceAdded(device)
 
 	def __registerSignals(self):
-		halService = self.__bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.UDisks',
-				'/org/freedesktop/UDisks')
-		halManager = dbus.Interface(halService, 'org.freedesktop.UDisks')
-		for signal, callback in (('DeviceAdded', self.__deviceAdded),
-				('DeviceRemoved', self.__deviceRemoved)):
-			halManager.connect_to_signal(signal, callback)
+		for signal, callback in (('object-added', self.__objectAdded),
+				('object-removed', self.__objectRemoved)):
+			udisksObjectManager.connect(signal, callback)
+
+	def __objectAdded(self, _, udi):
+		if udi.get_block():
+			device = udisks.get_drive_for_block(udi.get_block())
+			if device:
+				self.__deviceAdded(device)
+
+	def __objectRemoved(self, _, udi):
+		if udi.get_block():
+			device = udisks.get_drive_for_block(udi.get_block())
+			if device:
+				self.__deviceRemoved(device)
 
 	def __deviceAdded(self, udi):
 		if self.__udi is not None:
 			return
-		deviceObj = self.__bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.UDisks',
-				udi)
-		deviceProperties = dbus.Interface(deviceObj, dbus.PROPERTIES_IFACE)
-		if deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'DriveSerial') != self.__serial:
+		if udi.get_property('serial') != self.__serial:
 			return
 		self.__udi = udi
 		if self.__running:
@@ -197,6 +205,9 @@ def authChangeCallback(event):
 		logger.info('Authentication failed for device %s. ' \
 				'Keeping user "%s" locked down.' % (deviceName, username))
 
+udisks = UDisks.Client.new_sync()
+udisksObjectManager = udisks.get_object_manager()
+
 hpDev = HotPlugDevice(serial)
 hpDev.addCallback(authChangeCallback)
 

tools/pamusb-conf

@@ -15,40 +15,41 @@
 # this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple
 # Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 
-
-import dbus
 import sys
 import os
+import gi
+
+gi.require_version('UDisks', '2.0')
+
+from gi.repository import UDisks
 from xml.dom import minidom
 
 class Device:
 	def __init__(self, udi):
 		self.__udi = udi
-		deviceObj = bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.UDisks',
-				udi)
-		deviceProperties = dbus.Interface(deviceObj, dbus.PROPERTIES_IFACE)
-		if deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'DeviceIsRemovable') != 1:
+		deviceObj = udisksObjectManager.get_object(udi)
+		driveObj = deviceObj.get_drive()
+		if not driveObj.get_property('removable'):
                         # Workaround for removable devices with fixed media (such as SD cards)
                         if not "mmcblk" in udi:
                                 raise Exception, 'Not a removable device'
-		self.vendor = deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'DriveVendor')
-		self.product = deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'DriveModel')
-		self.serialNumber = deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'DriveSerial')
+		self.vendor = driveObj.get_property('vendor')
+		self.product = driveObj.get_property('model')
+		self.serialNumber = driveObj.get_property('serial')
 		if len(self.volumes()) < 1:
 			raise Exception, 'Device does not contain any volume'
 
 	def volumes(self):
 		vols = []
-		for udi in halManager.get_dbus_method('EnumerateDevices')():
-			deviceObj = bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.UDisks',
-				udi)
-			deviceProperties = dbus.Interface(deviceObj, dbus.PROPERTIES_IFACE)
-			if deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'DeviceIsPartition') != 1:
+		for udi in [o.get_object_path() for o in udisksObjectManager.get_objects() if o.get_block()]:
+			obj = udisks.get_object(udi)
+			blockObj = obj.get_block()
+			if blockObj.get_property('drive') != self.__udi:
 				continue
-			if deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'PartitionSlave') != self.__udi:
+			if not obj.get_filesystem():
 				continue
-			vols.append({'uuid' : deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'IdUuid'),
-				'device' : deviceProperties.Get('org.freedesktop.UDisks.Device', 'DeviceFile')})
+			vols.append({'uuid' : blockObj.get_property('id-uuid'),
+				'device' : blockObj.get_property('device')})
 		return vols
 
 	def __repr__(self):
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ def addUser(options):
 def addDevice(options):
 	devices = []
 
-	for udi in halManager.get_dbus_method('EnumerateDevices')():
+	for udi in [o.get_object_path() for o in udisksObjectManager.get_objects() if o.get_drive()]:
 		try:
 			if options['verbose']:
 				print 'Inspecting %s' % udi
@@ -259,10 +260,8 @@ if options['deviceName'] is None and options['userName'] is None:
 	usage()
 
 if options['deviceName'] is not None:
-	bus = dbus.SystemBus()
-	halService = bus.get_object('org.freedesktop.UDisks',
-			'/org/freedesktop/UDisks')
-	halManager = dbus.Interface(halService, 'org.freedesktop.UDisks')
+	udisks = UDisks.Client.new_sync()
+	udisksObjectManager = udisks.get_object_manager()
 	try:
 		addDevice(options)
 	except KeyboardInterrupt: