fix(C++): fix all enumerations to use strongly-typed enums (enum class)

[SYaoJun]

Reason for this PR

fix: #855

Currently, our enum mixed with C-type and strongly-type. C-type enums exists implicit convertion which may lead to potential bugs in some scenerios. A better way is using strongly-type enums.

What changes are included in this PR?

Fix all C-type enums.

Are these changes tested?

N/A

Are there any user-facing changes?

N/A

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 66.66667% with 2 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 80.20%. Comparing base (eab0fa5) to head (79cc3d0).
⚠️ Report is 1 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
cpp/src/graphar/filesystem.cc	75.00%	1 Missing ⚠️
cpp/src/graphar/status.h	50.00%	1 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##               main     #869      +/-   ##
============================================
- Coverage     80.21%   80.20%   -0.01%     
  Complexity      615      615              
============================================
  Files            93       93              
  Lines         10258    10259       +1     
  Branches       1050     1050              
============================================
  Hits           8228     8228              
- Misses         1790     1791       +1     
  Partials        240      240              

Flag	Coverage Δ
cpp	71.49% <66.66%> (-0.02%)	⬇️

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