Resolve PostgreSQL custom parameter types using schema metadata

[somiljain2006]

Fixes #36978

Add a schema metadata fallback for PostgreSQL prepared statement parameter type resolution, populate unresolved PGobject types, support custom PostgreSQL types when JDBC metadata is unavailable, and extend parameter-to-column resolution for INSERT and UPDATE statements.

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[somiljain2006]

@terrymanu Can you review this pr? The remaining 2 CI failures (MCP conformance test suite and the HiveConnectionPropertiesParser SPI issue) are unrelated to these changes.