Add motd docs

docs/raknet/MOTD.md

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+# Message of the Day (MOTD) Protocol Documentation
+
+## Overview
+
+A RakNet server, by default, listens on port `19132` for incoming [Unconnected Pings](#unconnected-ping). Once a valid ping is sent, the server sends back a [Unconnected Pong](#unconnected-pong). This contains the server's [MOTD](#motd-format), along with other server info. All this ensures that a client receives the details of the server before a connection is established.
+
+## Packet Structure
+
+### Unconnected Ping
+
+When a client wants to display the server it sends an unconnected ping
+
+- **Packet ID (1 byte):** `0x01`
+- **Timestamp (8 bytes, Big-Endian):** The time since start of the client. Just setting it to current unix timestamp works fine
+- **Magic Offline Message ID (16 bytes):**
+  ```
+  [
+      0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 
+      0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 
+      0xFD, 0xFD, 0xFD, 0xFD, 
+      0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78
+  ]
+  ```
+- **GUID (8 bytes, Big-Endian):** Unique identifier for the client.
+
+#### Validation Criteria
+
+1. **Packet Size:**  
+   The total size must be exactly 33 bytes.
+2. **Packet ID:**  
+   Must strictly be `0x01`.
+3. **Timestamp:**  
+   It is just a timestamp of uptime, but we can check it is not infront of unix timestamp
+4. **Magic Offline Message ID:**  
+   Must match the predefined 16-byte sequence.
+5. **GUID:**  
+   It doesn't really need to be checked, but it is there
+
+### Unconnected Pong
+
+In response to a valid unconnected ping, the server dispatches an unconnected pong packet containing the MOTD and additional server details.
+
+- **Packet ID (1 byte):** `0x1C` (Denotes Unconnected Pong)
+- **Timestamp (8 bytes, Big-Endian):** The time since start of the server. Just setting it to current unix timestamp works fine
+- **Server GUID (8 bytes, Big-Endian):** Unique server identifier.
+- **Magic Offline Message ID (16 bytes):** Identical to the one used in the ping.
+- **MOTD Length (2 bytes, Big-Endian):** Specifies the length of the MOTD string.
+- **MOTD (Variable Length):** The actual Message of the Day in byte format.
+
+## MOTD Generation
+
+The MOTD is what shows up in the server list, it is what people see before joining the server.
+
+### MOTD Format
+
+The MOTD follows a semicolon-separated (`;`) format comprising various fields, semi colons can be escaped with a backslash (`\`)
+```
+<Edition>;<MOTD>;<Protocol Version>;<Game Version>;<Player Count>;<Max Player Count>;<Server GUID>;<World Name>;<Game Mode>;<Nintendo Limited>;<IpV4Port>;<IpV6Port>;<Extra Data>;
+```
+
+#### Field Breakdown & Data Types
+
+- **Edition:** string  
+  Specifies the game edition (e.g., `MCPE` for Minecraft Pocket Edition or `MCEE` for Minecraft Education Edition). Both seem to work with windows minecraft.
+- **MOTD:** string  
+  The actual message that is displayed, it can have Minecraft colors.  
+- **Protocol Version:** uint16  
+  Numeric identifier indicating the game protocol version (e.g., `748`).  
+- **Game Version:** string  
+  Denotes the server's game version (e.g., `1.20.40`, or on CubeCraft: `1`).  
+- **players online:** uint32  
+  Current number of active players (e.g., `10`).  
+- **players max:** uint32  
+  Maximum number of players allowed on the server (e.g., `100`).  
+- **server id:** uint64  
+  Unique identifier for the server (the server GUID but as a number).  
+- **level name:** string  
+  Name of the game world (e.g., `world`, some docs call this submotd).  
+- **gamemode:** string  
+  Current game mode (e.g., `Survival`, `Creative`, `Adventure`).  
+- **NintendoLimited:** boolean  
+  Returns the status of Nintendo's limitation to join (0 or 1).  
+- **port v4:** uint16  
+  The port of the server for IPv4, useful for servers that have both IPv4 and IPv6.  
+- **port v6:** uint16  
+  The port of the server for IPv6, useful for servers that have both IPv4 and IPv6.  
+- **Extra Data:**  
+  Ends with `0` to signify the conclusion of the MOTD string.  
+
+## Code Examples
+::: details Code Examples
+::: code-group
+
+```rust [src/main.rs]
+use std::io;
+use std::net::UdpSocket;
+use std::thread;
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+const MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID: [u8; 16] = [
+    0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 
+    0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 
+    0xFD, 0xFD, 0xFD, 0xFD, 
+    0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78,
+];
+
+fn gen_motd(server_guid: u64, listen_port: u16) -> String {
+    let edition = "MCPE";
+    let motd = "Welcome to my Minecraft server!";
+    let protocol_version = "748";
+    let version = "1.20.40";
+    let player_count = "10";
+    let max_player_count = "100";
+    let world_name = "world";
+    let gamemode = "Survival";
+    let nintendo_limited = "1";
+    let port = listen_port.to_string();
+    let server_guid = server_guid.to_string();
+
+    return format!(
+        "{};{};{};{};{};{};{};{};{};{};{};{};0;",
+        edition,
+        motd,
+        protocol_version,
+        version,
+        player_count,
+        max_player_count,
+        server_guid,
+        world_name,
+        gamemode,
+        nintendo_limited,
+        port,
+        port
+    );
+}
+
+fn check_valid_ping(buf: &[u8], size: usize) -> bool {
+    // Check length of buffer. If we just do .len() it will be 1024 not 33, so we have to pass the size
+    if size != 33 {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if buf[0] != 0x01 {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let time: [u8; 8] = buf[1..9].try_into().unwrap();
+    let current_time = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("Time went backwards")
+        .as_secs();
+    let time = u64::from_be_bytes(time);
+    if time > current_time {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let magic_offline_message_id: [u8; 16] = buf[9..25].try_into().unwrap();
+    if magic_offline_message_id != MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID {
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let guid: [u8; 8] = buf[25..33].try_into().unwrap();
+    let guid = u64::from_be_bytes(guid);
+
+    println!("Received packet with guid: {}, time: {}", guid, time);
+
+    return true;
+}
+
+fn write_pong(server_guid: u64, motd: String) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let current_time = SystemTime::now()
+        .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+        .expect("Time went backwards")
+        .as_secs();
+
+    let mut response = Vec::new();
+    response.push(0x1C); // Packet ID for Unconnected Pong
+    response.extend(&current_time.to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend(&server_guid.to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend(&MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID);
+
+    let motd_bytes = motd.as_bytes();
+    let motd_length = motd_bytes.len() as u16;
+    response.extend(&motd_length.to_be_bytes());
+    response.extend(motd_bytes);
+
+    return response;
+}
+
+fn listen(listen_port: u16) {
+    let socket: UdpSocket = match UdpSocket::bind(format!("127.0.0.1:{}", listen_port)) {
+        Ok(s) => s,
+        Err(e) => {
+            eprintln!("Failed to bind to port 19132: {}", e);
+            return;
+        }
+    };
+    socket
+        .set_nonblocking(true)
+        .expect("Cannot set non-blocking");
+
+    let server_guid: u64 = 1234567890123456789; // Replace with your server's GUID
+
+    let mut buf = [0u8; 1024];
+
+    loop {
+        match socket.recv_from(&mut buf) {
+            Ok((size, src)) => {
+                if !check_valid_ping(&buf, size) {
+                    println!("Received invalid ping");
+                    continue;
+                }
+
+                // Unconnected ping received
+                let motd = gen_motd(server_guid, listen_port);
+                let response = write_pong(server_guid, motd);
+
+                if let Err(e) = socket.send_to(&response, src) {
+                    eprintln!("Failed to send unconnected pong: {}", e);
+                } else {
+                    println!(
+                        "Sent unconnected pong to {}, from {}",
+                        src, listen_port
+                    );
+                }
+            }
+            Err(ref e) if e.kind() == io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock => {
+                // No data received, continue listening
+                thread::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_millis(100));
+            }
+            Err(e) => {
+                eprintln!("Error receiving data: {}", e);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    listen(19132);
+}
+```
+
+```ts [src/main.ts BUN]
+let MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID = new Buffer([0x00, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFE, 0xFD, 0xFD, 0xFD, 0xFD, 0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78]);
+
+function genMotd(serverGuid: number, listenPort: number) {
+  let edition = "MCPE";
+  let motd = "Welcome to my Minecraft server!";
+  let protocolVersion = "748";
+  let version = "1.20.40";
+  let playerCount = "10";
+  let maxPlayerCount = "100";
+  let worldName = "world";
+  let gamemode = "Survival";
+  let nintendoLimited = "1";
+  let port = listenPort.toString();
+  let guid = serverGuid.toString();
+
+  let order = [
+    edition,
+    motd,
+    protocolVersion,
+    version,
+    playerCount,
+    maxPlayerCount,
+    guid,
+    worldName,
+    gamemode,
+    nintendoLimited,
+    port,
+    port,
+    "0;",
+  ];
+
+  return order.join(";");
+}
+
+function checkValidPing(buf: Buffer, size: number) {
+  if (size !== 33) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  if (buf[0] !== 0x01) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  let time = buf.subarray(1, 9);
+  time = time.readBigUInt64BE();
+
+
+  let magicOfflineMessageId = buf.subarray(9, 25);
+  if (!magicOfflineMessageId.equals(MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  let guid = buf.subarray(25, 33);
+  guid = guid.readBigUInt64BE();
+
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+function writePong(serverGuid: number, motd: string) {
+  const currentTime = BigInt(Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000)); // Current time in seconds
+
+    const response = Buffer.alloc(1 + 8 + 8 + MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID.length + 2 + motd.length);
+
+    let offset = 0;
+    response.writeUInt8(0x1C, offset); // Packet ID for Unconnected Pong
+    offset += 1;
+
+    // Write current time
+    response.writeBigUInt64BE(currentTime, offset);
+    offset += 8;
+
+    // Write server GUID
+    response.writeBigUInt64BE(BigInt(serverGuid), offset);
+    offset += 8;
+
+    // Write MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID
+    MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID.copy(response, offset);
+    offset += MAGIC_OFFLINE_MESSAGE_ID.length;
+
+    // Write MOTD length and bytes
+    response.writeUInt16BE(motd.length, offset);
+    offset += 2;
+
+    response.write(motd, offset);
+
+    return response;
+}
+
+function listen(listenPort: number) {
+  let socket = Bun.udpSocket({
+    port: listenPort,
+    socket: {
+      data: (socket, buf, port, addr) => {
+        let serverGuid = 1234567890123456789;
+
+        if (!checkValidPing(buf, buf.length)) {
+          console.log("Received invalid ping");
+          return;
+        }
+
+        let motd = genMotd(serverGuid, listenPort);
+        let response = writePong(serverGuid, motd);
+
+        socket.send(response, port, addr);
+      },
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+listen(19132);
+```
+:::
+## Sources
+- [Go Raknet](https://github.com/Sandertv/go-raknet/blob/master/internal/message/unconnected_ping.go#L8)<br>
+- [PHP MC Query](https://github.com/xPaw/PHP-Minecraft-Query/blob/master/src/MinecraftQuery.php#L212)<br>
+- [Raknet](https://github.com/facebookarchive/RakNet/blob/1a169895a900c9fc4841c556e16514182b75faf8/Source/RakPeer.cpp#L135)<br>
+- [Phantom](https://github.com/jhead/phantom/blob/44056d83afbfe60b253faff01308d171ac21e8d6/internal/proto/proto.go#L23)<br>
+- [Geyser](https://github.com/GeyserMC/Protocol/blob/46b4ad37b159b1fc59e45871f7572101f5ed43ab/bedrock-connection/src/main/java/org/cloudburstmc/protocol/bedrock/BedrockPong.java#L23)<br>
+- [Wiki.vg](https://wiki.vg/Raknet_Protocol#Unconnected_Ping)<br>
+- Wireshark