Update Linux build containers from Ubuntu 22.04 to 24.04 LTS

[usmansaleem]

Summary

• Update the ubuntu:22.04 container image to ubuntu:24.04 in both the x86-64 and arm64 Linux build jobs
• Ubuntu 24.04 is the current LTS release

Notes for reviewers

• glibc version bump: Ubuntu 22.04 ships glibc 2.35, Ubuntu 24.04 ships glibc 2.39. Binaries built against the newer glibc will not run on systems with older glibc (e.g., Ubuntu 22.04, older RHEL/Debian). If backward compatibility with older distros is required, an alternative approach would be to keep 22.04 and remove the apt upgrade -y step to work around stale package metadata.
• Package repo issue on 22.04: The Ubuntu 22.04 Docker image has stale cached package metadata, causing 404 errors during apt upgrade (superseded package versions removed from mirrors).

Test plan

• Verify native-build-linux-x86-64 job completes successfully
• Verify native-build-linux-arm64 job completes successfully
• Verify generated native binaries work correctly on target platforms
• Confirm minimum supported Linux platform (glibc requirement) is acceptable