ExprEval.cpp

/*

 Copyright 2019-2022 Alain Dargelas

 Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 You may obtain a copy of the License at

 http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

 Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 limitations under the License.
 */

/*
 * File:   ExprEval.cpp
 * Author: alaindargelas
 *
 * Created on July 3, 2021, 8:03 PM
 */

#include <string.h>
#include <uhdm/ElaboratorListener.h>
#include <uhdm/ExprEval.h>
#include <uhdm/NumUtils.h>
#include <uhdm/clone_tree.h>
#include <uhdm/uhdm.h>
#include <uhdm/vpi_visitor.h>

#include <algorithm>
#include <bitset>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <iostream>
#include <locale>
#include <regex>
#include <sstream>
#include <string_view>

namespace UHDM {
[[nodiscard]] static std::string_view ltrim(std::string_view str, char c) {
  auto pos = str.find(c);
  if (pos != std::string_view::npos) str = str.substr(pos + 1);
  return str;
}

[[nodiscard]] std::string_view rtrim(std::string_view str, char c) {
  auto pos = str.rfind(c);
  if (pos != std::string_view::npos) str = str.substr(0, pos);
  return str;
}

class DetectRefObj : public VpiListener {
 public:
  explicit DetectRefObj() {}
  ~DetectRefObj() override = default;
  void leaveRef_obj(const ref_obj *object, vpiHandle handle) final {
    hasRef_obj = true;
  }
  void leaveBit_select(const bit_select *object, vpiHandle handle) final {
    hasRef_obj = true;
  }
  void leaveIndexed_part_select(const indexed_part_select *object,
                                vpiHandle handle) final {
    hasRef_obj = true;
  }
  void leavePart_select(const part_select *object, vpiHandle handle) final {
    hasRef_obj = true;
  }
  void leaveVar_select(const var_select *object, vpiHandle handle) final {
    hasRef_obj = true;
  }
  void leaveHier_path(const hier_path *object, vpiHandle handle) final {
    hasRef_obj = true;
  }
  bool refObjDetected() const { return hasRef_obj; }

 private:
  bool hasRef_obj = false;
};

bool ExprEval::isFullySpecified(const typespec *tps) {
  if (tps == nullptr) {
    return true;
  }
  DetectRefObj detector;
  vpiHandle h_rhs = NewVpiHandle(tps);
  detector.listenAny(h_rhs);
  vpi_free_object(h_rhs);
  if (detector.refObjDetected()) {
    return false;
  }
  return true;
}

std::string ExprEval::toBinary(const constant *c) {
  std::string result;
  if (c == nullptr) return result;
  int32_t type = c->VpiConstType();
  std::string_view sv = c->VpiValue();
  switch (type) {
    case vpiBinaryConst: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
      result = sv;
      if (c->VpiSize() >= 0) {
        if (result.size() < (uint32_t)c->VpiSize()) {
          uint32_t rsize = result.size();
          for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t)c->VpiSize() - rsize; i++) {
            result = "0" + result;
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case vpiDecConst: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("DEC:").length());
      uint64_t res = 0;
      if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &res) == nullptr) {
        res = 0;
      }
      result = NumUtils::toBinary(c->VpiSize(), res);
      break;
    }
    case vpiHexConst: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("HEX:").length());
      result = NumUtils::hexToBin(sv);
      if (c->VpiSize() >= 0) {
        if (result.size() < (uint32_t)c->VpiSize()) {
          uint32_t rsize = result.size();
          for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t)c->VpiSize() - rsize; i++) {
            result = "0" + result;
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case vpiOctConst: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("OCT:").length());
      result = NumUtils::hexToBin(sv);
      if (c->VpiSize() >= 0) {
        if (result.size() < (uint32_t)c->VpiSize()) {
          uint32_t rsize = result.size();
          for (uint32_t i = 0; i < (uint32_t)c->VpiSize() - rsize; i++) {
            result = "0" + result;
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case vpiIntConst: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
      uint64_t res = 0;
      if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &res) == nullptr) {
        res = 0;
      }
      result = NumUtils::toBinary(c->VpiSize(), res);
      break;
    }
    case vpiUIntConst: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
      uint64_t res = 0;
      if (NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &res) == nullptr) {
        res = 0;
      }
      result = NumUtils::toBinary(c->VpiSize(), res);
      break;
    }
    case vpiScalar: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("SCAL:").length());
      uint64_t res = 0;
      if (NumUtils::parseBinary(sv, &res) == nullptr) {
        res = 0;
      }
      result = NumUtils::toBinary(c->VpiSize(), res);
      break;
    }
    case vpiStringConst: {
      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("STRING:").length());
      if (sv.size() > 32) {
        return result;
      }
      uint64_t res = 0;
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sv.size(); i++) {
        res += (sv[i] << ((sv.size() - (i + 1)) * 8));
      }
      result = NumUtils::toBinary(c->VpiSize(), res);
      break;
    }
    case vpiRealConst: {
      // Don't do the double precision math, leave it to client tools
      break;
    }
    default: {
      if (sv.find("UINT:") == 0) {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
        uint64_t res = 0;
        if (NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &res) == nullptr) {
          res = 0;
        }
        result = NumUtils::toBinary(c->VpiSize(), res);
      } else {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
        uint64_t res = 0;
        if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &res) == nullptr) {
          res = 0;
        }
        result = NumUtils::toBinary(c->VpiSize(), res);
      }
      break;
    }
  }
  return result;
}

std::vector<std::string_view> ExprEval::tokenizeMulti(
    std::string_view str, std::string_view multichar_separator) {
  std::vector<std::string_view> result;
  if (str.empty()) return result;

  size_t start = 0;
  size_t end = 0;
  const size_t sepSize = multichar_separator.size();
  const size_t stringSize = str.size();
  for (size_t i = 0; i < stringSize; i++) {
    bool isSeparator = true;
    for (size_t j = 0; j < sepSize; j++) {
      if (i + j >= stringSize) break;
      if (str[i + j] != multichar_separator[j]) {
        isSeparator = false;
        break;
      }
    }
    if (isSeparator) {
      result.emplace_back(str.data() + start, end - start);
      start = end = end + sepSize;
      i = i + sepSize - 1;
    } else {
      ++end;
    }
  }
  result.emplace_back(str.data() + start, end - start);
  return result;
}

any *ExprEval::getValue(std::string_view name, const any *inst,
                        const any *pexpr, bool muteError,
                        const any *checkLoop) {
  any *result = nullptr;
  if ((inst == nullptr) && (pexpr == nullptr)) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  Serializer *tmps = nullptr;
  if (inst)
    tmps = inst->GetSerializer();
  else
    tmps = pexpr->GetSerializer();
  Serializer &s = *tmps;
  const any *root = inst;
  const any *tmp = inst;
  while (tmp) {
    root = tmp;
    tmp = tmp->VpiParent();
  }
  const design *des = any_cast<design *>(root);
  if (des) m_design = des;
  std::string_view the_name = name;
  const any *the_instance = inst;
  if (m_design && (name.find("::") != std::string::npos)) {
    std::vector<std::string_view> res = tokenizeMulti(name, "::");
    if (res.size() > 1) {
      const std::string_view packName = res[0];
      const std::string_view varName = res[1];
      the_name = varName;
      package *pack = nullptr;
      if (m_design->TopPackages()) {
        for (auto p : *m_design->TopPackages()) {
          if (p->VpiName() == packName) {
            pack = p;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      the_instance = pack;
    }
  }

  while (the_instance) {
    VectorOfparam_assign *param_assigns = nullptr;
    VectorOfany *parameters = nullptr;
    VectorOftypespec *typespecs = nullptr;
    if (the_instance->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
    } else if (the_instance->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
      param_assigns = ((design *)the_instance)->Param_assigns();
      typespecs = ((design *)the_instance)->Typespecs();
    } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(the_instance)) {
      param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();
      typespecs = spe->Typespecs();
      parameters = spe->Parameters();
    }
    if (param_assigns) {
      for (auto p : *param_assigns) {
        if (p->Lhs() && (p->Lhs()->VpiName() == the_name)) {
          result = (any *)p->Rhs();
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    if ((result == nullptr) && parameters) {
      for (auto p : *parameters) {
        if (p->VpiName() == the_name) {
          if (p->UhdmType() == uhdmparameter) {
            result = (any*) p;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if ((result == nullptr) && (typespecs != nullptr)) {
      for (auto p : *typespecs) {
        if (p->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_typespec) {
          enum_typespec *e = (enum_typespec *)p;
          for (auto c : *e->Enum_consts()) {
            if (c->VpiName() == the_name) {
              constant *cc = s.MakeConstant();
              cc->VpiValue(c->VpiValue());
              cc->VpiSize(c->VpiSize());
              result = cc;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (result && (result->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation)) {
      operation *op = (operation *)result;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = op->Typespec()) {
        ExprEval eval;
        if (expr *res = eval.flattenPatternAssignments(s, rt->Actual_typespec(),
                                                       (expr *)result)) {
          if (res->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
            ((operation *)result)->Operands(((operation *)res)->Operands());
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (result) break;

    the_instance = the_instance->VpiParent();
  }

  if (result) {
    UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE resultType = result->UhdmType();
    if (resultType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
    } else if (resultType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj) {
      if (result->VpiName() != name) {
        if (any *rval = getValue(result->VpiName(), inst, pexpr, muteError)) {
          result = rval;
        }
      }
    } else if ((resultType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) ||
               (resultType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmhier_path) ||
               (resultType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_select) ||
               (resultType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmsys_func_call)) {
      bool invalidValue = false;
      if (checkLoop && (result == checkLoop)) {
        return nullptr;
      }
      if (any *rval =
              reduceExpr(result, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError)) {
        result = rval;
      }
    }
  }
  if ((result == nullptr) && getValueFunctor) {
    result = getValueFunctor(name, inst, pexpr);
  }
  return result;
}

any *ExprEval::getObject(std::string_view name, const any *inst,
                         const any *pexpr, bool muteError) {
  any *result = nullptr;
  while (pexpr) {
    if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(pexpr)) {
      if (spe->Variables()) {
        for (auto o : *spe->Variables()) {
          if (o->VpiName() == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (result) break;
    if (const task_func *s = any_cast<const task_func *>(pexpr)) {
      if (s->Io_decls()) {
        for (auto o : *s->Io_decls()) {
          if (o->VpiName() == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) && s->Param_assigns()) {
        for (auto o : *s->Param_assigns()) {
          const std::string_view pname = o->Lhs()->VpiName();
          if (pname == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (result) break;
    if (pexpr->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmforeach_stmt) {
      foreach_stmt *for_stmt = (foreach_stmt *)pexpr;
      if (VectorOfany *loopvars = for_stmt->VpiLoopVars()) {
        for (auto var : *loopvars) {
          if (var->VpiName() == name) {
            result = var;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (pexpr->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmclass_defn) {
      const class_defn *defn = (class_defn *)pexpr;
      while (defn) {
        if (defn->Variables()) {
          for (variables *member : *defn->Variables()) {
            if (member->VpiName() == name) {
              result = member;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
        if (result) break;

        const class_defn *base_defn = nullptr;
        if (const extends *ext = defn->Extends()) {
          if (const ref_typespec *rt = ext->Class_typespec()) {
            if (const class_typespec *tp =
                    rt->Actual_typespec<class_typespec>()) {
              base_defn = tp->Class_defn();
            }
          }
        }
        defn = base_defn;
      }
    }
    if (result) break;
    pexpr = pexpr->VpiParent();
  }
  if (result == nullptr) {
    while (inst) {
      VectorOfparam_assign *param_assigns = nullptr;
      VectorOfvariables *variables = nullptr;
      VectorOfarray_net *array_nets = nullptr;
      VectorOfnet *nets = nullptr;
      VectorOftypespec *typespecs = nullptr;
      VectorOfscope *scopes = nullptr;
      if (inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
      } else if (inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
        param_assigns = ((design *)inst)->Param_assigns();
        typespecs = ((design *)inst)->Typespecs();
      } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
        param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();
        variables = spe->Variables();
        typespecs = spe->Typespecs();
        scopes = spe->Scopes();
        if (const instance *in = any_cast<const instance *>(inst)) {
          array_nets = in->Array_nets();
          nets = in->Nets();
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) && array_nets) {
        for (auto o : *array_nets) {
          if (o->VpiName() == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) && nets) {
        for (auto o : *nets) {
          if (o->VpiName() == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) && variables) {
        for (auto o : *variables) {
          if (o->VpiName() == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) && param_assigns) {
        for (auto o : *param_assigns) {
          const std::string_view pname = o->Lhs()->VpiName();
          if (pname == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) && typespecs) {
        for (auto o : *typespecs) {
          if (o->VpiName() == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) && scopes) {
        for (auto o : *scopes) {
          if (o->VpiName() == name) {
            result = o;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if ((result == nullptr) ||
          (result && (result->UhdmType() != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) &&
           (result->UhdmType() != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmparam_assign))) {
        if (any *tmpresult = getValue(name, inst, pexpr, muteError)) {
          result = tmpresult;
        }
      }
      if (result) break;
      if (inst) {
        if (inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmmodule_inst) {
          break;
        } else {
          inst = inst->VpiParent();
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (result && (result->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj)) {
    ref_obj *ref = (ref_obj *)result;
    const std::string_view refname = ref->VpiName();
    if (refname != name) result = getObject(refname, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    if (result) {
      if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(result)) {
        result = passign->Rhs();
      }
    }
  }
  if ((result == nullptr) && getObjectFunctor) {
    return getObjectFunctor(name, inst, pexpr);
  }
  return result;
}

long double ExprEval::get_double(bool &invalidValue, const expr *expr) {
  long double result = 0;
  if (const constant *c = any_cast<const constant *>(expr)) {
    int32_t type = c->VpiConstType();
    std::string_view sv = c->VpiValue();
    switch (type) {
      case vpiRealConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("REAL:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseLongDouble(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      default: {
        result = static_cast<long double>(get_value(invalidValue, expr));
        break;
      }
    }
  } else {
    invalidValue = true;
  }
  return result;
}

uint64_t ExprEval::getValue(const expr *expr) {
  uint64_t result = 0;
  if (expr && expr->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
    constant *c = (constant *)expr;
    std::string_view sv = c->VpiValue();
    int32_t type = c->VpiConstType();
    switch (type) {
      case vpiBinaryConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseBinary(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
          result = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiDecConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("DEC:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
          result = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiHexConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("HEX:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseHex(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
          result = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiOctConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("OCT:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseOctal(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
          result = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiIntConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
          result = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiUIntConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
          result = 0;
        }
        break;
      }
      default: {
        if (sv.find("UINT:") == 0) {
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
          if (NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
            result = 0;
          }
        } else {
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
          if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &result) == nullptr) {
            result = 0;
          }
        }
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

void ExprEval::recursiveFlattening(Serializer &s, VectorOfany *flattened,
                                   const VectorOfany *ordered,
                                   std::vector<const typespec *> fieldTypes) {
  // Flattening
  int32_t index = 0;
  for (any *op : *ordered) {
    if (op->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtagged_pattern) {
      tagged_pattern *tp = (tagged_pattern *)op;
      const typespec *ttp = nullptr;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = tp->Typespec()) {
        ttp = rt->Actual_typespec();
      }
      UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttpt = ttp->UhdmType();
      switch (ttpt) {
        case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmint_typespec: {
          flattened->push_back(tp->Pattern());
          break;
        }
        case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdminteger_typespec: {
          flattened->push_back(tp->Pattern());
          break;
        }
        case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstring_typespec: {
          any *sop = (any *)tp->Pattern();
          UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE sopt = sop->UhdmType();
          if (sopt == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
            VectorOfany *operands = ((operation *)sop)->Operands();
            for (auto op1 : *operands) {
              bool substituted = false;
              if (op1->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtagged_pattern) {
                tagged_pattern *tp1 = (tagged_pattern *)op1;
                const typespec *ttp1 = nullptr;
                if (const ref_typespec *rt = tp1->Typespec()) {
                  ttp1 = rt->Actual_typespec();
                }
                UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttpt1 = ttp1->UhdmType();
                if (ttpt1 == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstring_typespec) {
                  if (ttp1->VpiName() == "default") {
                    const any *patt = tp1->Pattern();
                    const typespec *mold = fieldTypes[index];
                    operation *subst = s.MakeOperation();
                    VectorOfany *sops = s.MakeAnyVec();
                    subst->Operands(sops);
                    subst->VpiOpType(vpiConcatOp);
                    flattened->push_back(subst);
                    UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE moldtype = mold->UhdmType();
                    if (moldtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec) {
                      struct_typespec *molds = (struct_typespec *)mold;
                      for (auto mem : *molds->Members()) {
                        if (mem) sops->push_back((any *)patt);
                      }
                    } else if (moldtype ==
                               UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_typespec) {
                      logic_typespec *molds = (logic_typespec *)mold;
                      VectorOfrange *ranges = molds->Ranges();
                      if (!ranges->empty()) {
                        range *r = ranges->front();
                        uint64_t from = getValue(r->Left_expr());
                        uint64_t to = getValue(r->Right_expr());
                        if (from > to) {
                          std::swap(from, to);
                        }
                        for (uint64_t i = from; i <= to; i++) {
                          sops->push_back((any *)patt);
                        }
                        // TODO: Multidimension
                      }
                    }
                    substituted = true;
                    break;
                  }
                }
              } else if (op1->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
                // recursiveFlattening(s, flattened,
                // ((operation*)op1)->Operands(), fieldTypes);
                // substituted = true;
              }
              if (!substituted) {
                flattened->push_back(sop);
                break;
              }
            }
          } else {
            flattened->push_back(sop);
          }
          break;
        }
        default:
          flattened->push_back(op);
          break;
      }
    } else {
      flattened->push_back(op);
    }
    index++;
  }
}

expr *ExprEval::flattenPatternAssignments(Serializer &s, const typespec *tps,
                                          expr *exp) {
  expr *result = exp;
  if ((!exp) || (!tps)) {
    return result;
  }
  // Reordering
  if (exp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
    operation *op = (operation *)exp;
    if (op->VpiOpType() == vpiConditionOp) {
      VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
      ops->at(1) = flattenPatternAssignments(s, tps, (expr *)ops->at(1));
      ops->at(2) = flattenPatternAssignments(s, tps, (expr *)ops->at(2));
      return result;
    }
    if (op->VpiOpType() != vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
      return result;
    }
    if (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_typespec) {
      array_typespec *atps = (array_typespec *)tps;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = atps->Elem_typespec()) {
        tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
      }
    }
    if (tps == nullptr) {
      return result;
    }
    if (tps->UhdmType() != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec) {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = op->Typespec()) {
        tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
      }
    }
    if (tps == nullptr) {
      return result;
    }
    if (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_typespec) {
      array_typespec *atps = (array_typespec *)tps;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = atps->Elem_typespec()) {
        tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
      }
    }
    if (tps->UhdmType() != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec) {
      return result;
    }
    if (op->VpiFlattened()) {
      return result;
    }
    struct_typespec *stps = (struct_typespec *)tps;
    std::vector<std::string_view> fieldNames;
    std::vector<const typespec *> fieldTypes;
    for (typespec_member *memb : *stps->Members()) {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = memb->Typespec()) {
        fieldNames.emplace_back(memb->VpiName());
        fieldTypes.emplace_back(rt->Actual_typespec());
      }
    }
    VectorOfany *orig = op->Operands();
    if (orig->size() == 1) {
      for (auto oper : *orig) {
        if (oper->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
          operation *opi = (operation *)oper;
          if (opi->VpiOpType() == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
            op = opi;
            orig = op->Operands();
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    VectorOfany *ordered = s.MakeAnyVec();
    std::vector<any *> tmp(fieldNames.size());
    any *defaultOp = nullptr;
    int32_t index = 0;
    bool flatten = false;
    for (auto oper : *orig) {
      if (oper->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtagged_pattern) {
        tagged_pattern *tp = (tagged_pattern *)oper;
        const typespec *ttp = nullptr;
        if (const ref_typespec *rt = tp->Typespec()) {
          ttp = rt->Actual_typespec();
        }
        const std::string_view tname = ttp->VpiName();
        bool found = false;
        if (tname == "default") {
          defaultOp = oper;
          found = true;
        }
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < fieldNames.size(); i++) {
          if (tname == fieldNames[i]) {
            tmp[i] = oper;
            found = true;
            break;
          }
        }
        if (found == false) {
          for (uint32_t i = 0; i < fieldTypes.size(); i++) {
            if (ttp->UhdmType() == fieldTypes[i]->UhdmType()) {
              tmp[i] = oper;
              found = true;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
        if (found == false) {
          if (!m_muteError) {
            const std::string errMsg(tname);
            s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNDEFINED_PATTERN_KEY, errMsg,
                                exp, nullptr);
          }
          return result;
        }
      } else if (oper->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
        return result;
      } else if (oper->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
        return result;
      } else {
        if (index < (int32_t)tmp.size()) {
          tmp[index] = oper;
        } else {
          if (!m_muteError) {
            s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNDEFINED_PATTERN_KEY,
                                "Out of bound!", exp, nullptr);
          }
        }
      }
      index++;
    }
    index = 0;
    ElaboratorContext elaboratorContext(&s, false, m_muteError);
    for (auto opi : tmp) {
      if (defaultOp && (opi == nullptr)) {
        opi = clone_tree((any *)defaultOp, &elaboratorContext);
        if (opi != nullptr) {
          opi->VpiParent(const_cast<any *>(defaultOp->VpiParent()));
        }
      }
      if (opi == nullptr) {
        if (!m_muteError) {
          const std::string errMsg(fieldNames[index]);
          s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNMATCHED_FIELD_IN_PATTERN_ASSIGN,
                              errMsg, exp, nullptr);
        }
        return result;
      }
      if (opi->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtagged_pattern) {
        tagged_pattern *tp = (tagged_pattern *)opi;
        const any *patt = tp->Pattern();
        if (patt->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
          constant *c = (constant *)patt;
          if (c->VpiSize() == -1) {
            bool invalidValue = false;
            uint64_t uval = get_uvalue(invalidValue, c);
            if (uval == 1) {
              uint64_t size = ExprEval::size(fieldTypes[index], invalidValue,
                                             nullptr, exp, true, true);
              uint64_t mask = NumUtils::getMask(size);
              uval = mask;
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(uval));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(uval));
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(size));
            } else if (uval == 0) {
              uint64_t size = ExprEval::size(fieldTypes[index], invalidValue,
                                             nullptr, exp, true, true);
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(uval));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(uval));
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(size));
            }
          }
        } else if (patt->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
          operation *patt_op = (operation *)patt;
          if (patt_op->VpiOpType() == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
            opi = flattenPatternAssignments(s, fieldTypes[index], patt_op);
          }
        }
      }
      ordered->push_back(opi);
      index++;
    }
    operation *opres = (operation *)clone_tree((any *)op, &elaboratorContext);
    opres->VpiParent(const_cast<any *>(op->VpiParent()));
    ref_typespec* rtps = s.MakeRef_typespec();
    opres->Typespec(rtps);
    rtps->Actual_typespec((typespec*) tps);
    opres->Operands(ordered);
    if (flatten) {
      opres->VpiFlattened(true);
    }
    // Flattening
    VectorOfany *flattened = s.MakeAnyVec();
    recursiveFlattening(s, flattened, ordered, fieldTypes);
    for (auto o : *flattened) o->VpiParent(opres);
    opres->Operands(flattened);
    result = opres;
  }
  return result;
}

void ExprEval::prettyPrint(Serializer &s, const any *object, uint32_t indent,
                           std::ostream &out) {
  if (object == nullptr) return;
  UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE type = object->UhdmType();
  for (uint32_t i = 0; i < indent; i++) {
    out << " ";
  }
  switch (type) {
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant: {
      constant *c = (constant *)object;
      out << c->VpiDecompile();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmparameter: {
      parameter *p = (parameter *)object;
      std::string_view val = p->VpiValue();
      val = ltrim(val, ':');
      out << val;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmsys_func_call: {
      sys_func_call *sysFuncCall = (sys_func_call *)object;
      out << sysFuncCall->VpiName() << "(";
      if (sysFuncCall->Tf_call_args()) {
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sysFuncCall->Tf_call_args()->size(); i++) {
          prettyPrint(s, sysFuncCall->Tf_call_args()->at(i), 0, out);
          if (i < sysFuncCall->Tf_call_args()->size() - 1) {
            out << ",";
          }
        }
      }
      out << ")";
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_const: {
      enum_const *c = (enum_const *)object;
      std::string_view val = c->VpiValue();
      val = ltrim(val, ':');
      out << val;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation: {
      operation *oper = (operation *)object;
      int32_t opType = oper->VpiOpType();
      switch (opType) {
        case vpiMinusOp:
        case vpiPlusOp:
        case vpiNotOp:
        case vpiBitNegOp:
        case vpiUnaryAndOp:
        case vpiUnaryNandOp:
        case vpiUnaryOrOp:
        case vpiUnaryNorOp:
        case vpiUnaryXorOp:
        case vpiUnaryXNorOp:
        case vpiPreIncOp:
        case vpiPreDecOp: {
          static std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::string_view> opToken = {
              {vpiMinusOp, "-"},    {vpiPlusOp, "+"},
              {vpiNotOp, "!"},      {vpiBitNegOp, "~"},
              {vpiUnaryAndOp, "&"}, {vpiUnaryNandOp, "~&"},
              {vpiUnaryOrOp, "|"},  {vpiUnaryNorOp, "~|"},
              {vpiUnaryXorOp, "^"}, {vpiUnaryXNorOp, "~^"},
              {vpiPreIncOp, "++"},  {vpiPreDecOp, "--"},
          };
          std::stringstream out_op0;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, out_op0);
          out << opToken[opType] << out_op0.str();
          break;
        }
        case vpiSubOp:
        case vpiDivOp:
        case vpiModOp:
        case vpiEqOp:
        case vpiNeqOp:
        case vpiCaseEqOp:
        case vpiCaseNeqOp:
        case vpiGtOp:
        case vpiGeOp:
        case vpiLtOp:
        case vpiLeOp:
        case vpiLShiftOp:
        case vpiRShiftOp:
        case vpiAddOp:
        case vpiMultOp:
        case vpiLogAndOp:
        case vpiLogOrOp:
        case vpiBitAndOp:
        case vpiBitOrOp:
        case vpiBitXorOp:
        case vpiBitXNorOp:
        case vpiArithLShiftOp:
        case vpiArithRShiftOp:
        case vpiPowerOp:
        case vpiImplyOp:
        case vpiNonOverlapImplyOp:
        case vpiOverlapImplyOp: {
          static std::unordered_map<int32_t, std::string_view> opToken = {
              {vpiMinusOp, "-"},
              {vpiPlusOp, "+"},
              {vpiNotOp, "!"},
              {vpiBitNegOp, "~"},
              {vpiUnaryAndOp, "&"},
              {vpiUnaryNandOp, "~&"},
              {vpiUnaryOrOp, "|"},
              {vpiUnaryNorOp, "~|"},
              {vpiUnaryXorOp, "^"},
              {vpiUnaryXNorOp, "~^"},
              {vpiSubOp, "-"},
              {vpiDivOp, "/"},
              {vpiModOp, "%"},
              {vpiEqOp, "=="},
              {vpiNeqOp, "!="},
              {vpiCaseEqOp, "==="},
              {vpiCaseNeqOp, "!=="},
              {vpiGtOp, ">"},
              {vpiGeOp, ">="},
              {vpiLtOp, "<"},
              {vpiLeOp, "<="},
              {vpiLShiftOp, "<<"},
              {vpiRShiftOp, ">>"},
              {vpiAddOp, "+"},
              {vpiMultOp, "*"},
              {vpiLogAndOp, "&&"},
              {vpiLogOrOp, "||"},
              {vpiBitAndOp, "&"},
              {vpiBitOrOp, "|"},
              {vpiBitXorOp, "^"},
              {vpiBitXNorOp, "^~"},
              {vpiArithLShiftOp, "<<<"},
              {vpiArithRShiftOp, ">>>"},
              {vpiPowerOp, "**"},
              {vpiImplyOp, "->"},
              {vpiNonOverlapImplyOp, "|=>"},
              {vpiOverlapImplyOp, "|->"},
          };
          std::stringstream out_op0;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, out_op0);
          std::stringstream out_op1;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(1), 0, out_op1);
          out << out_op0.str() << " " << opToken[opType] << " "
              << out_op1.str();
          break;
        }
        case vpiConditionOp: {
          std::stringstream out_op0;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, out_op0);
          std::stringstream out_op1;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(1), 0, out_op1);
          std::stringstream out_op2;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(2), 0, out_op2);
          out << out_op0.str() << " ? " << out_op1.str() << " : "
              << out_op2.str();
          break;
        }
        case vpiConcatOp:
        case vpiAssignmentPatternOp: {
          switch (opType) {
            case vpiConcatOp: {
              out << "{";
              break;
            }
            case vpiAssignmentPatternOp: {
              out << "'{";
              break;
            }
            default: {
              break;
            }
          };
          for (uint32_t i = 0; i < oper->Operands()->size(); i++) {
            prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(i), 0, out);
            if (i < oper->Operands()->size() - 1) {
              out << ",";
            }
          }
          out << "}";
          break;
        }
        case vpiMultiConcatOp: {
          std::stringstream mult;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, mult);
          std::stringstream op;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(1), 0, op);
          out << "{" << mult.str() << "{" << op.str() << "}}";
          break;
        }
        case vpiEventOrOp: {
          std::stringstream op[2];
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, op[0]);
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(1), 0, op[1]);
          out << op[0].str() << " or " << op[1].str();
          break;
        }
        case vpiInsideOp: {
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, out);
          out << " inside {";
          for (uint32_t i = 1; i < oper->Operands()->size(); i++) {
            prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(i), 0, out);
            if (i < oper->Operands()->size() - 1) {
              out << ",";
            }
          }
          out << "}";
          break;
        }
        case vpiNullOp: {
          break;
        }
          /*
            { vpiListOp, "," },
            { vpiMinTypMaxOp, ":" },
          */
        case vpiPosedgeOp: {
          std::stringstream op;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, op);
          out << "posedge " << op.str();
          break;
        }
        case vpiNegedgeOp: {
          std::stringstream op;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, op);
          out << "negedge " << op.str();
          break;
        }
        case vpiPostIncOp: {
          std::stringstream op;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, op);
          out << op.str() << "++";
          break;
        }
        case vpiPostDecOp: {
          std::stringstream op;
          prettyPrint(s, oper->Operands()->at(0), 0, op);
          out << op.str() << "--";
          break;
        }

          /*
            { vpiAcceptOnOp, "accept_on" },
            { vpiRejectOnOp, "reject_on" },
            { vpiSyncAcceptOnOp, "sync_accept_on" },
            { vpiSyncRejectOnOp, "sync_reject_on" },
            { vpiOverlapFollowedByOp, "overlapped followed_by" },
            { vpiNonOverlapFollowedByOp, "nonoverlapped followed_by" },
            { vpiNexttimeOp, "nexttime" },
            { vpiAlwaysOp, "always" },
            { vpiEventuallyOp, "eventually" },
            { vpiUntilOp, "until" },
            { vpiUntilWithOp, "until_with" },
            { vpiUnaryCycleDelayOp, "##" },
            { vpiCycleDelayOp, "##" },
            { vpiIntersectOp, "intersection" },
            { vpiFirstMatchOp, "first_match" },
            { vpiThroughoutOp, "throughout" },
            { vpiWithinOp, "within" },
            { vpiRepeatOp, "[=]" },
            { vpiConsecutiveRepeatOp, "[*]" },
            { vpiGotoRepeatOp, "[->]" },
            { vpiMatchOp, "match" },
            { vpiCastOp, "type'" },
            { vpiIffOp, "iff" },
            { vpiWildEqOp, "==?" },
            { vpiWildNeqOp, "!=?" },
            { vpiStreamLROp, "{>>}" },
            { vpiStreamRLOp, "{<<}" },
            { vpiMatchedOp, ".matched" },
            { vpiTriggeredOp, ".triggered" },
            { vpiMultiAssignmentPatternOp, "{n{}}" },
            { vpiIfOp, "if" },
            { vpiIfElseOp, "if–else" },
            { vpiCompAndOp, "and" },
            { vpiCompOrOp, "or" },
            { vpiImpliesOp, "implies" },
            { vpiTypeOp, "type" },
            { vpiAssignmentOp, "=" },
          */

        default:
          break;
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpart_select: {
      part_select *ps = (part_select *)object;
      prettyPrint(s, ps->Left_range(), 0, out);
      out << ":";
      prettyPrint(s, ps->Right_range(), 0, out);
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmindexed_part_select: {
      indexed_part_select *ps = (indexed_part_select *)object;
      prettyPrint(s, ps->Base_expr(), 0, out);
      if (ps->VpiIndexedPartSelectType() == vpiPosIndexed)
        out << "+";
      else
        out << "-";
      out << ":";
      prettyPrint(s, ps->Width_expr(), 0, out);
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj: {
      out << object->VpiName();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmvar_select: {
      var_select *vs = (var_select *)object;
      out << vs->VpiName();
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < vs->Exprs()->size(); i++) {
        out << "[";
        prettyPrint(s, vs->Exprs()->at(i), 0, out);
        out << "]";
      }
      break;
    }
    default: {
      break;
    }
  }
}

uint64_t ExprEval::size(const any *ts, bool &invalidValue, const any *inst,
                        const any *pexpr, bool full, bool muteError) {
  if (ts == nullptr) return 0;
  uint64_t bits = 0;
  VectorOfrange *ranges = nullptr;
  UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttps = ts->UhdmType();
  if (ttps == uhdmref_typespec) {
    ref_typespec* rtps = (ref_typespec*) ts;
    ts = rtps->Actual_typespec();
    ttps = ts->UhdmType();
  }
  switch (ttps) {
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmhier_path: {
      ts = decodeHierPath((hier_path *)ts, invalidValue, inst, nullptr, ReturnType::TYPESPEC);
      if (ts)
        bits = size(ts, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      else
        invalidValue = true;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_typespec: {
      array_typespec *lts = (array_typespec *)ts;
      ranges = lts->Ranges();
      if (!full) {
        bits = 1;
      } else if (const ref_typespec *rt = lts->Elem_typespec()) {
        bits = size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmshort_real_typespec: {
      bits = 32;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmreal_typespec: {
      bits = 32;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbyte_typespec: {
      bits = 8;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmshort_int_typespec: {
      bits = 16;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmint_typespec: {
      int_typespec *its = (int_typespec *)ts;
      bits = 32;
      ranges = its->Ranges();
      if (ranges) {
        bits = 1;
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlong_int_typespec: {
      bits = 64;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdminteger_typespec: {
      integer_typespec *itps = (integer_typespec *)ts;
      std::string_view val = itps->VpiValue();
      if (val.empty()) {
        bits = 32;
      } else if (val.find("UINT:") == 0) {
        val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseUint64(val, &bits) == nullptr) {
          bits = 32;
        }
      } else if (val.find("INT:") == 0) {
        val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
        if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(val, &bits) == nullptr) {
          bits = 32;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_typespec: {
      bits = 1;
      bit_typespec *lts = (bit_typespec *)ts;
      ranges = lts->Ranges();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_typespec: {
      bits = 1;
      logic_typespec *lts = (logic_typespec *)ts;
      ranges = lts->Ranges();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstring_typespec: {
      bits = 0;
      invalidValue = true;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmunsupported_typespec: {
      bits = 0;
      invalidValue = true;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_net: {
      bits = 1;
      logic_net *lts = (logic_net *)ts;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = lts->Typespec()) {
        bool tmpInvalidValue = false;
        uint64_t tmpS = size(rt->Actual_typespec(), tmpInvalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
        if (tmpInvalidValue == false) {
          bits = tmpS;
        }
      }
      ranges = lts->Ranges();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_var: {
      bits = 1;
      logic_var *lts = (logic_var *)ts;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = lts->Typespec()) {
        bool tmpInvalidValue = false;
        uint64_t tmpS = size(rt->Actual_typespec(), tmpInvalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
        if (tmpInvalidValue == false) {
          bits = tmpS;
        }
      }
      ranges = lts->Ranges();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_var: {
      bits = 1;
      bit_var *lts = (bit_var *)ts;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = lts->Typespec()) {
        bits = size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      ranges = lts->Ranges();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbyte_var: {
      bits = 8;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_var: {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ((const struct_var *)ts)->Typespec()) {
        bits += size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_var: {
      const array_var *var = (array_var *)ts;
      variables *regv = var->Variables()->at(0);
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = regv->Typespec()) {
        bits += size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      ranges = var->Ranges();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_net: {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ((const struct_net *)ts)->Typespec()) {
        bits += size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec: {
      struct_typespec *sts = (struct_typespec *)ts;
      if (VectorOftypespec_member *members = sts->Members()) {
        for (typespec_member *member : *members) {
          if (const ref_typespec *rt = member->Typespec()) {
            bits +=
                size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_var: {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ((const enum_var *)ts)->Typespec()) {
        bits = size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_typespec: {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt =
              ((const enum_typespec *)ts)->Base_typespec()) {
        bits = size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmunion_typespec: {
      union_typespec *sts = (union_typespec *)ts;
      if (VectorOftypespec_member *members = sts->Members()) {
        for (typespec_member *member : *members) {
          if (const ref_typespec *rt = member->Typespec()) {
            uint64_t max =
                size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
            if (max > bits) bits = max;
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant: {
      constant *c = (constant *)ts;
      bits = c->VpiSize();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_const: {
      enum_const *c = (enum_const *)ts;
      bits = c->VpiSize();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj: {
      ref_obj *ref = (ref_obj *)ts;
      const any* act = ref->Actual_group();
      if (act == nullptr) {
        std::string_view name = ref->VpiName();
        act = getObject(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
      }
      if (act) {
        bits = size(act, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      } else {
        invalidValue = true;
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation: {
      operation *tsop = (operation *)ts;
      if (tsop->VpiOpType() == vpiConcatOp) {
        if (auto ops = tsop->Operands()) {
          for (auto op : *ops) {
            bits += size(op, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpacked_array_typespec: {
      packed_array_typespec *tmp = (packed_array_typespec *)ts;
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = tmp->Elem_typespec()) {
        bits += size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      ranges = tmp->Ranges();
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtypespec_member: {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ((const typespec_member *)ts)->Typespec()) {
        bits += size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmio_decl: {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ((const io_decl *)ts)->Typespec()) {
        bits += size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, full);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_select: {
      bits = 1;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpart_select: {
      const part_select *sel = (part_select *)ts;
      const expr *lexpr = sel->Left_range();
      const expr *rexpr = sel->Right_range();
      int64_t lv =
          getValue(reduceExpr(lexpr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));

      int64_t rv =
          getValue(reduceExpr(rexpr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));

      if (lv > rv)
        bits = ((lv - rv) + 1);
      else
        bits = ((rv - lv) + 1);
      break;
    }
    default:
      invalidValue = true;
      break;
  }

  if (ranges && !ranges->empty()) {
    if (!full) {
      const range *last_range = ranges->back();
      const expr *lexpr = last_range->Left_expr();
      const expr *rexpr = last_range->Right_expr();
      int64_t lv =
          getValue(reduceExpr(lexpr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));

      int64_t rv =
          getValue(reduceExpr(rexpr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));

      if (lv > rv)
        bits = bits * (lv - rv + 1);
      else
        bits = bits * (rv - lv + 1);
    } else {
      for (const range *ran : *ranges) {
        const expr *lexpr = ran->Left_expr();
        const expr *rexpr = ran->Right_expr();
        int64_t lv =
            getValue(reduceExpr(lexpr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));

        int64_t rv =
            getValue(reduceExpr(rexpr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));

        if (lv > rv)
          bits = bits * (lv - rv + 1);
        else
          bits = bits * (rv - lv + 1);
      }
    }
  }
  return bits;
}

uint64_t ExprEval::size(const vpiHandle typespec, bool &invalidValue,
                        const vpiHandle inst, const vpiHandle pexpr, bool full,
                        bool muteError) {
  const UHDM::any *vpiHandle_typespec =
      (UHDM::any *)((uhdm_handle *)typespec)->object;
  const UHDM::any *vpiHandle_inst =
      !inst ? nullptr : (UHDM::any *)((uhdm_handle *)inst)->object;
  const UHDM::any *vpiHandle_pexpr =
      !pexpr ? nullptr : (UHDM::any *)((uhdm_handle *)pexpr)->object;
  return size(vpiHandle_typespec, invalidValue, vpiHandle_inst, vpiHandle_pexpr,
              full, muteError);
}

static bool getStringVal(std::string &result, expr *val) {
  if (const constant *hs0 = any_cast<const constant *>(val)) {
    if (s_vpi_value *sval = String2VpiValue(hs0->VpiValue())) {
      if (sval->format == vpiStringVal || sval->format == vpiBinStrVal ||
          sval->format == vpiHexStrVal || sval->format == vpiOctStrVal ||
          sval->format == vpiDecStrVal) {
        result = sval->value.str;
        if (sval->value.str) delete[] sval->value.str;
        delete sval;
        return true;
      } else {
        delete sval;
      }
    }
  }
  return false;
}

void resize(expr *resizedExp, int32_t size) {
  ExprEval eval;
  constant* c = any_cast<constant*>(resizedExp);
  if (c && c->VpiDecompile() == "'1") {
    uint64_t mask = NumUtils::getMask(size);
    c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(mask));
    c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(mask));
    c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
  }
}

expr *ExprEval::reduceCompOp(operation *op, bool &invalidValue, const any *inst,
                             const any *pexpr, bool muteError) {
  expr *result = op;
  Serializer &s = *op->GetSerializer();
  VectorOfany &operands = *op->Operands();
  int32_t optype = op->VpiOpType();
  std::string s0;
  std::string s1;
  expr *reduc0 = reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
  expr *reduc1 = reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
  if (invalidValue == true) {
    return result;
  }
  if (reduc0 == nullptr || reduc1 == nullptr) {
    return result;
  }
  int32_t size0 = reduc0->VpiSize();
  int32_t size1 = reduc1->VpiSize();
  if ((reduc0->VpiSize() == -1) && (reduc1->VpiSize() > 1)) {
    resize(reduc0, size1);
  } else if ((reduc1->VpiSize() == -1) && (reduc0->VpiSize() > 1)) {
    resize(reduc1, size0);
  }
  bool arg0isString = getStringVal(s0, reduc0);
  bool arg1isString = getStringVal(s1, reduc1);
  bool invalidValueI = false;
  bool invalidValueD = false;
  bool invalidValueS = true;
  uint64_t val = 0;

  int64_t v0 = get_uvalue(invalidValueI, reduc0);
  int64_t v1 = get_uvalue(invalidValueI, reduc1);
  if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
    switch (optype) {
      case vpiEqOp:
        val = (v0 == v1);
        break;
      case vpiNeqOp:
        val = (v0 != v1);
        break;
      case vpiGtOp:
        val = (v0 > v1);
        break;
      case vpiGeOp:
        val = (v0 >= v1);
        break;
      case vpiLtOp:
        val = (v0 < v1);
        break;
      case vpiLeOp:
        val = (v0 <= v1);
        break;
      default:
        break;
    }
  } else {
    invalidValueD = false;
    long double ld0 = get_double(invalidValueD, reduc0);
    long double ld1 = get_double(invalidValueD, reduc1);
    if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueD == false)) {
      switch (optype) {
        case vpiEqOp:
          val = (ld0 == ld1);
          break;
        case vpiNeqOp:
          val = (ld0 != ld1);
          break;
        case vpiGtOp:
          val = (ld0 > ld1);
          break;
        case vpiGeOp:
          val = (ld0 >= ld1);
          break;
        case vpiLtOp:
          val = (ld0 < ld1);
          break;
        case vpiLeOp:
          val = (ld0 <= ld1);
          break;
        default:
          break;
      }
    } else {
      if (arg0isString && arg1isString) {
        invalidValueS = false;
        switch (optype) {
          case vpiEqOp:
            val = (s0 == s1);
            break;
          case vpiNeqOp:
            val = (s0 != s1);
            break;
          default:
            break;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD && invalidValueS) {
    invalidValue = true;
  } else {
    constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
    c->VpiValue("BIN:" + std::to_string(val));
    c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
    c->VpiSize(1);
    c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
    result = c;
  }
  return result;
}

uint64_t ExprEval::getWordSize(const expr *exp, const any *inst,
                               const any *pexpr) {
  uint64_t wordSize = 1;
  bool invalidValue = false;
  bool muteError = true;
  if (exp == nullptr) {
    return wordSize;
  }
  if (const ref_typespec *ctsrt = exp->Typespec()) {
    if (const typespec *cts = ctsrt->Actual_typespec()) {
      if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpacked_array_typespec) {
        packed_array_typespec *patps = (packed_array_typespec *)cts;
        if (const ref_typespec *etsro = patps->Elem_typespec()) {
          cts = etsro->Actual_typespec();
        }
      } else if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_typespec) {
        array_typespec *atps = (array_typespec *)cts;
        if (const ref_typespec *etsro = atps->Elem_typespec()) {
          cts = etsro->Actual_typespec();
        }
      }
      if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlong_int_typespec) {
        wordSize = 64;
      } else if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmshort_int_typespec) {
        wordSize = 16;
      } else if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbyte_typespec) {
        wordSize = 8;
      } else if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmint_typespec) {
        int_typespec *icts = (int_typespec *)cts;
        std::string_view value = icts->VpiValue();
        if (exp->VpiSize() > 32)
          wordSize = 32;
        else
          wordSize = 1;
        if (value.find("UINT:") == 0) {
          value.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
          if (NumUtils::parseUint64(value, &wordSize) == nullptr) {
            wordSize = 32;
          }
        } else if (value.find("INT:") == 0) {
          value.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
          if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(value, &wordSize) == nullptr) {
            wordSize = 32;
          }
        }
      } else if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdminteger_typespec) {
        integer_typespec *icts = (integer_typespec *)cts;
        std::string_view value = icts->VpiValue();
        if (exp->VpiSize() > 32)
          wordSize = 32;
        else
          wordSize = 1;
        if (value.find("UINT:") == 0) {
          value.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
          if (NumUtils::parseUint64(value, &wordSize) == nullptr) {
            wordSize = 32;
          }
        } else if (value.find("INT:") == 0) {
          value.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
          if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(value, &wordSize) == nullptr) {
            wordSize = 32;
          }
        }
      } else if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_typespec) {
        logic_typespec *icts = (logic_typespec *)cts;
        if (const ref_typespec *rt = icts->Elem_typespec()) {
          wordSize = size(rt->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                          false, muteError);
        }
      } else if (cts->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_typespec) {
        bit_typespec *icts = (bit_typespec *)cts;
        wordSize = 1;
        if (VectorOfrange *ranges = icts->Ranges()) {
          if (icts->Ranges()->size() > 1) {
            range *r = ranges->at(ranges->size() - 1);
            bool invalid = false;
            uint16_t lr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Left_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
            uint16_t rr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Right_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
            wordSize = (lr > rr) ? (lr - rr + 1) : (rr - lr + 1);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
  if (wordSize == 0) {
    wordSize = 1;
  }
  return wordSize;
}

expr *ExprEval::reduceBitSelect(expr *op, uint32_t index_val,
                                bool &invalidValue, const any *inst,
                                const any *pexpr, bool muteError) {
  Serializer &s = *op->GetSerializer();
  expr *result = nullptr;
  expr *exp = reduceExpr(op, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
  if (exp && (exp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant)) {
    constant *cexp = (constant *)exp;
    std::string binary = toBinary(cexp);
    uint64_t wordSize = getWordSize(cexp, inst, pexpr);
    constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
    uint16_t lr = 0;
    uint16_t rr = 0;
    if (const ref_typespec *rt = exp->Typespec()) {
      if (const typespec *tps = rt->Actual_typespec()) {
        if (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_typespec) {
          logic_typespec *lts = (logic_typespec *)tps;
          if (VectorOfrange *ranges = lts->Ranges()) {
            range *r = ranges->at(ranges->size() - 1);
            bool invalid = false;
            lr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Left_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
            rr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Right_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
          }
        } else if (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmint_typespec) {
          int_typespec *lts = (int_typespec *)tps;
          if (VectorOfrange *ranges = lts->Ranges()) {
            range *r = ranges->at(ranges->size() - 1);
            bool invalid = false;
            lr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Left_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
            rr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Right_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
          }
        } else if (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_typespec) {
          bit_typespec *lts = (bit_typespec *)tps;
          if (VectorOfrange *ranges = lts->Ranges()) {
            range *r = ranges->at(ranges->size() - 1);
            bool invalid = false;
            lr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Left_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
            rr = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                get_value(invalid, reduceExpr(r->Right_expr(), invalidValue,
                                              inst, pexpr, muteError)));
          }
        }
      }
    }
    c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(wordSize));
    if (index_val < binary.size()) {
      // TODO: If range does not start at 0
      if (lr >= rr) {
        index_val =
            static_cast<uint32_t>(binary.size() - ((index_val + 1) * wordSize));
      }
      std::string v;
      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < wordSize; i++) {
        if ((index_val + i) < binary.size()) {
          char bitv = binary[index_val + i];
          v += std::to_string(bitv - '0');
        }
      }
      if (v.size() > UHDM_MAX_BIT_WIDTH) {
        std::string fullPath;
        if (const gen_scope_array *in =
                any_cast<const gen_scope_array *>(inst)) {
          fullPath = in->VpiFullName();
        } else if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
          fullPath = inst->VpiName();
        } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
          fullPath = spe->VpiFullName();
        }
        if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false) {
          s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_INTERNAL_ERROR_OUT_OF_BOUND,
                              fullPath, op, nullptr);
        }
        v = "0";
      }
      c->VpiValue("BIN:" + v);
      c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(wordSize) + "'b" + v);
      c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
    } else {
      c->VpiValue("BIN:0");
      c->VpiDecompile("1'b0");
      c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
    }
    c->VpiFile(op->VpiFile());
    c->VpiLineNo(op->VpiLineNo());
    c->VpiColumnNo(op->VpiColumnNo());
    c->VpiEndLineNo(op->VpiEndLineNo());
    c->VpiEndColumnNo(op->VpiColumnNo() + 1);
    result = c;
  }
  return result;
}

int64_t ExprEval::get_value(bool &invalidValue, const expr *expr, bool strict) {
  int64_t result = 0;
  int32_t type = 0;
  std::string_view sv;
  if (const constant *c = any_cast<const constant *>(expr)) {
    type = c->VpiConstType();
    sv = c->VpiValue();
  } else if (const variables *v = any_cast<const variables *>(expr)) {
    if (v->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_var) {
      type = vpiUIntConst;
      sv = v->VpiValue();
    }
  } else if (const parameter *p = any_cast<const parameter *>(expr)) {
    // default type
    sv = p->VpiValue();
  } else {
    invalidValue = true;
  }
  if (!invalidValue) {
    switch (type) {
      case vpiBinaryConst: {
        if (expr->VpiSize() > 64) {
          invalidValue = true;
        } else {
          sv = ltrim(sv, '\'');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 's');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 'b');
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
          bool invalid = NumUtils::parseBinary(sv, &result) == nullptr;
          if (strict) invalidValue = invalid;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiDecConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("DEC:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseInt64(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiHexConst: {
        if (expr->VpiSize() > 64) {
          invalidValue = true;
        } else {
          sv = ltrim(sv, '\'');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 's');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 'h');
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("HEX:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseHex(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiOctConst: {
        if (expr->VpiSize() > 64) {
          invalidValue = true;
        } else {
          sv = ltrim(sv, '\'');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 's');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 'o');
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("OCT:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseOctal(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiIntConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseInt64(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiUIntConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiScalar: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("SCAL:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseBinary(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiStringConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("STRING:").length());
        result = 0;
        if (sv.size() > 32) {
          invalidValue = true;
          break;
        }
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sv.size(); i++) {
          result += (sv[i] << ((sv.size() - (i + 1)) * 8));
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiRealConst: {
        // Don't do the double precision math, leave it to client tools
        invalidValue = true;
        break;
      }
      default: {
        if (sv.find("UINT:") == 0) {
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        } else if (sv.find("INT:") == 0) {
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseInt64(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        } else {
          invalidValue = true;
        }
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

uint64_t ExprEval::get_uvalue(bool &invalidValue, const expr *expr,
                              bool strict) {
  uint64_t result = 0;
  int32_t type = 0;
  std::string_view sv;
  if (const constant *c = any_cast<const constant *>(expr)) {
    type = c->VpiConstType();
    sv = c->VpiValue();
  } else if (const variables *v = any_cast<const variables *>(expr)) {
    if (v->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_var) {
      type = vpiUIntConst;
      sv = v->VpiValue();
    }
  } else {
    invalidValue = true;
  }
  if (!invalidValue) {
    switch (type) {
      case vpiBinaryConst: {
        if (expr->VpiSize() > 64) {
          invalidValue = true;
        } else {
          sv = ltrim(sv, '\'');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 's');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 'b');
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
          bool invalid = NumUtils::parseBinary(sv, &result) == nullptr;
          if (strict) invalidValue = invalid;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiDecConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("DEC:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiHexConst: {
        if (expr->VpiSize() > 64) {
          invalidValue = true;
        } else {
          sv = ltrim(sv, '\'');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 's');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 'h');
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("HEX:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseHex(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiOctConst: {
        if (expr->VpiSize() > 64) {
          invalidValue = true;
        } else {
          sv = ltrim(sv, '\'');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 's');
          sv = ltrim(sv, 'o');
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("OCT:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseOctal(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiIntConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiUIntConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiScalar: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("SCAL:").length());
        invalidValue = NumUtils::parseBinary(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        break;
      }
      case vpiStringConst: {
        sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("STRING:").length());
        result = 0;
        if (sv.size() > 64) {
          invalidValue = true;
          break;
        }
        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < sv.size(); i++) {
          result += (sv[i] << ((sv.size() - (i + 1)) * 8));
        }
        break;
      }
      case vpiRealConst: {
        // Don't do the double precision math, leave it to client tools
        invalidValue = true;
        break;
      }
      default: {
        if (sv.find("UINT:") == 0) {
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        } else if (sv.find("INT:") == 0) {
          sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
          invalidValue = NumUtils::parseIntLenient(sv, &result) == nullptr;
        } else {
          invalidValue = true;
        }
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  return result;
}

task_func *ExprEval::getTaskFunc(std::string_view name, const any *inst) {
  if (getTaskFuncFunctor) {
    if (task_func *result = getTaskFuncFunctor(name, inst)) {
      return result;
    }
  }
  if (inst == nullptr) {
    return nullptr;
  }
  const any *root = inst;
  const any *tmp = inst;
  while (tmp) {
    root = tmp;
    tmp = tmp->VpiParent();
  }
  const design *des = any_cast<const design *>(root);
  if (des) m_design = des;
  std::string_view the_name = name;
  const any *the_instance = inst;
  if (m_design && (name.find("::") != std::string::npos)) {
    std::vector<std::string_view> res = tokenizeMulti(name, "::");
    if (res.size() > 1) {
      const std::string_view packName = res[0];
      const std::string_view varName = res[1];
      the_name = varName;
      package *pack = nullptr;
      if (m_design->TopPackages()) {
        for (auto p : *m_design->TopPackages()) {
          if (p->VpiName() == packName) {
            pack = p;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      the_instance = pack;
    }
  }
  while (the_instance) {
    VectorOftask_func *task_funcs = nullptr;
    if (the_instance->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
    } else if (the_instance->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
      task_funcs = ((design *)the_instance)->Task_funcs();
    } else if (const instance *inst =
                   any_cast<const instance *>(the_instance)) {
      task_funcs = inst->Task_funcs();
    }

    if (task_funcs) {
      for (task_func *tf : *task_funcs) {
        if (tf->VpiName() == the_name) {
          return tf;
        }
      }
    }

    the_instance = the_instance->VpiParent();
  }

  return nullptr;
}

any *ExprEval::decodeHierPath(hier_path *path, bool &invalidValue,
                              const any *inst, const any *pexpr,
                              ReturnType returnType, bool muteError) {
  Serializer &s = *path->GetSerializer();
  std::string baseObject;
  if (!path->Path_elems()->empty()) {
    any *firstElem = path->Path_elems()->at(0);
    baseObject = firstElem->VpiName();
  }
  any *object = getObject(baseObject, inst, pexpr, muteError);
  if (object) {
    if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(object)) {
      object = passign->Rhs();
    }
  }
  if (object == nullptr) {
    object = getValue(baseObject, inst, pexpr, muteError);
  }
  if (object) {
    // Substitution
    if (param_assign *pass = any_cast<param_assign *>(object)) {
      const any *rhs = pass->Rhs();
      object = reduceExpr(rhs, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    } else if (bit_select *bts = any_cast<bit_select *>(object)) {
      object = reduceExpr(bts, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    } else if (ref_obj *ref = any_cast<ref_obj *>(object)) {
      object = reduceExpr(ref, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    } else if (constant *cons = any_cast<constant *>(object)) {
      ElaboratorContext elaboratorContext(&s);
      object = clone_tree(cons, &elaboratorContext);
      cons = any_cast<constant *>(object);
      if (cons->Typespec() == nullptr && path->Typespec() != nullptr) {
        ref_typespec *rt =
            (ref_typespec *)clone_tree(path->Typespec(), &elaboratorContext);
        if (rt != nullptr) {
          rt->VpiParent(cons);
          cons->Typespec(rt);
        }
      }
    } else if (operation *oper = any_cast<operation *>(object)) {
      if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
        if (ref_typespec *rt = oper->Typespec()) {
          object = rt->Actual_typespec();
        }
      }
    }

    std::vector<std::string> the_path;
    for (auto elem : *path->Path_elems()) {
      std::string_view elemName = elem->VpiName();
      elemName = rtrim(elemName, '[');
      the_path.emplace_back(elemName);
      if (elem->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_select) {
        bit_select *select = (bit_select *)elem;
        uint64_t baseIndex = get_value(
            invalidValue, reduceExpr((any *)select->VpiIndex(), invalidValue,
                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
        the_path.push_back("[" + std::to_string(baseIndex) + "]");
      }
    }

    expr* result = (expr *)hierarchicalSelector(the_path, 0, object, invalidValue, inst,
                                        pexpr, returnType, muteError);
    if (result == nullptr) {
      invalidValue = true;
      result = (expr *)hierarchicalSelector(the_path, 0, object, invalidValue, inst,
                                        pexpr, returnType, muteError);
    } else if (result->UhdmType() == uhdmhier_path) {
      invalidValue = true;
    }
    return result;
  }
  invalidValue = true;
  return nullptr;
}

any *ExprEval::hierarchicalSelector(std::vector<std::string> &select_path,
                                    uint32_t level, any *object,
                                    bool &invalidValue, const any *inst,
                                    const any *pexpr, ReturnType returnType,
                                    bool muteError) {
  if (object == nullptr) return nullptr;
  Serializer &s = (object) ? *object->GetSerializer() : *inst->GetSerializer();
  if (level >= select_path.size()) {
    if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
      if (typespec *tp = any_cast<typespec>(object)) {
        return tp;
      } else if (expr *ep = any_cast<expr>(object)) {
        if (ref_typespec *rt = ep->Typespec()) {
          return rt->Actual_typespec();
        }
      } else if (io_decl *id = any_cast<io_decl>(object)) {
        if (ref_typespec *rt = id->Typespec()) {
          return rt->Actual_typespec();
        }
      }
      return nullptr;
    }
    return (expr *)object;
  }
  std::string elemName = select_path[level];
  bool lastElem = (level == select_path.size() - 1);
  if (variables *var = any_cast<variables *>(object)) {
    UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttps = var->UhdmType();
    if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_var) {
      if (const ref_typespec *svrt = var->Typespec()) {
        if (const struct_typespec *stpt =
                svrt->Actual_typespec<struct_typespec>()) {
          for (typespec_member *member : *stpt->Members()) {
            if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
              if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
                if (ref_typespec *mrt = member->Typespec()) {
                  any *res = mrt->Actual_typespec();
                  if (lastElem) {
                    return res;
                  } else {
                    return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, res,
                                                invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                                returnType, muteError);
                  }
                }
              } else if (returnType == ReturnType::MEMBER) {
                return member;
              } else {
                return member->Actual_value() ? member->Actual_value() : member->Default_value();
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmclass_var) {
      if (ref_typespec *rt = var->Typespec()) {
        if (class_typespec *ctps = rt->Actual_typespec<class_typespec>()) {
          const class_defn *defn = ctps->Class_defn();
          while (defn) {
            if (defn->Variables()) {
              for (variables *member : *defn->Variables()) {
                if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
                  if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
                    if (ref_typespec *mrt = member->Typespec()) {
                      return mrt->Actual_typespec();
                    }
                  } else {
                    return member;
                  }
                }
              }
            }
            const class_defn *base_defn = nullptr;
            if (const extends *ext = defn->Extends()) {
              if (const ref_typespec *rt = ext->Class_typespec()) {
                if (const class_typespec *tp =
                        rt->Actual_typespec<class_typespec>()) {
                  base_defn = tp->Class_defn();
                }
              }
            }
            defn = base_defn;
          }
        }
      }
    } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_var) {
      if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
        if (ref_typespec *rt = var->Typespec()) {
          any *res = rt->Actual_typespec();
          if (lastElem) {
            return res;
          } else {
            return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, res,
                                        invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                        returnType, muteError);
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (struct_typespec *stpt = any_cast<struct_typespec>(object)) {
    for (typespec_member *member : *stpt->Members()) {
      if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
        any *res = nullptr;
        if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
          if (ref_typespec *mrt = member->Typespec()) {
            any *res = mrt->Actual_typespec();
            if (lastElem) {
              return res;
            } else {
              return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, res,
                                          invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                          returnType, muteError);
            }
          }
        } else {
          res = member->Actual_value() ? member->Actual_value() : member->Default_value();
        }
        if (lastElem) {
          return res;
        } else {
          return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, res, invalidValue,
                                      inst, pexpr, returnType, muteError);
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (io_decl *decl = any_cast<io_decl *>(object)) {
    if (const any *exp = decl->Expr()) {
      UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttps = exp->UhdmType();
      if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_var) {
        if (const ref_typespec *rt = ((struct_var *)exp)->Typespec()) {
          if (const struct_typespec *stpt =
                  rt->Actual_typespec<struct_typespec>()) {
            for (typespec_member *member : *stpt->Members()) {
              if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
                if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
                  if (ref_typespec *mrt = member->Typespec()) {
                    any *res = mrt->Actual_typespec();
                    if (lastElem) {
                      return res;
                    } else {
                      return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, res,
                                                  invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                                  returnType, muteError);
                    }
                  }
                } else {
                  return member->Actual_value() ? member->Actual_value() : member->Default_value();
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = decl->Typespec()) {
        if (const typespec *tps = rt->Actual_typespec()) {
          UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttps = tps->UhdmType();
          if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec) {
            struct_typespec *stpt = (struct_typespec *)tps;
            for (typespec_member *member : *stpt->Members()) {
              if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
                if (ref_typespec *mrt = member->Typespec()) {
                  any *res = mrt->Actual_typespec();
                  if (lastElem) {
                    return res;
                  } else {
                    return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, res,
                                                invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                                returnType, muteError);
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmclass_typespec) {
            class_typespec *stpt = (class_typespec *)tps;
            const class_defn *defn = stpt->Class_defn();
            while (defn) {
              if (defn->Variables()) {
                for (variables *member : *defn->Variables()) {
                  if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
                    if (ref_typespec *mrt = member->Typespec()) {
                      return mrt->Actual_typespec();
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
              const class_defn *base_defn = nullptr;
              if (const extends *ext = defn->Extends()) {
                if (const ref_typespec *rt = ext->Class_typespec()) {
                  if (const class_typespec *tp =
                          rt->Actual_typespec<class_typespec>()) {
                    base_defn = tp->Class_defn();
                  }
                }
              }
              defn = base_defn;
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (returnType == ReturnType::VALUE) {
      VectorOfparam_assign *param_assigns = nullptr;
      if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
      } else if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
        param_assigns = ((design *)inst)->Param_assigns();
      } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
        param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();
      }
      if (param_assigns) {
        for (param_assign *param : *param_assigns) {
          if (param && param->Lhs()) {
            const std::string_view param_name = param->Lhs()->VpiName();
            if (param_name == elemName) {
              const std::string_view param_value_name = param->Rhs()->VpiName();
              any *objectrhs = getObject(param_value_name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              if (objectrhs == nullptr) {
                objectrhs = getValue(param_value_name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              }
              return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, objectrhs ? objectrhs : param->Rhs(),
                                                invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                                returnType, muteError);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (nets *nt = any_cast<nets *>(object)) {
    UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttps = nt->UhdmType();
    if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_net) {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ((struct_net *)nt)->Typespec()) {
        VectorOftypespec_member *members = nullptr;
        if (const struct_typespec *sts =
                rt->Actual_typespec<struct_typespec>()) {
          members = sts->Members();
        } else if (const union_typespec *uts =
                       rt->Actual_typespec<union_typespec>()) {
          members = uts->Members();
        }
        if (members) {
          for (typespec_member *member : *members) {
            if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
              if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
                if (ref_typespec *mrt = member->Typespec()) {
                  any *res = mrt->Actual_typespec();
                  if (lastElem) {
                    return res;
                  } else {
                    return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, res,
                                                invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                                returnType, muteError);
                  }
                }
              } else {
                return member->Actual_value() ? member->Actual_value() : member->Default_value();
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (port *tport = any_cast<port *>(object)) {
    any* low_conn = tport->Low_conn();
    if (low_conn) {
      if (low_conn->UhdmType() == uhdmref_obj) {
        ref_obj* ref = (ref_obj*) low_conn;
        any* actual = ref->Actual_group();
        if (actual) {
          if (actual->UhdmType() == uhdmmodport) {
            modport* mport = (modport*) actual;
            if (mport->Io_decls()) {
              for (io_decl* decl : *mport->Io_decls()) {
                if (elemName == decl->VpiName()) {
                  if (returnType == ReturnType::MEMBER) {
                    return decl;
                  } else if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
                    if (decl->Typespec())
                      return decl->Typespec()->Actual_typespec();
                  } else {
                    return decl->Expr();
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }  
  } else if (constant *cons = any_cast<constant *>(object)) {
    if (ref_typespec *rt = cons->Typespec()) {
      if (const typespec *ts = rt->Actual_typespec()) {
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttps = ts->UhdmType();
        if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec) {
          struct_typespec *stpt = (struct_typespec *)ts;
          uint64_t from = 0;
          uint64_t width = 0;
          for (typespec_member *member : *stpt->Members()) {
            if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
              width = size(member, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, true);
              if (cons->VpiSize() <= 64) {
                uint64_t iv = get_value(invalidValue, cons);
                uint64_t mask = 0;

                for (uint64_t i = from; i < uint64_t(from + width); i++) {
                  mask |= ((uint64_t)1 << i);
                }
                uint64_t res = iv & mask;
                res = res >> (from);
                cons->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
                cons->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(width));
                cons->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
                return cons;
              } else {
                std::string_view val = cons->VpiValue();
                int32_t ctype = cons->VpiConstType();
                if (ctype == vpiHexConst) {
                  std::string_view vval =
                      val.substr(strlen("HEX:"), std::string::npos);
                  std::string bin = NumUtils::hexToBin(vval);
                  std::string res = bin.substr(from, width);
                  cons->VpiValue("BIN:" + res);
                  cons->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(width));
                  cons->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
                  return cons;
                } else if (ctype == vpiBinaryConst) {
                  std::string_view bin =
                      val.substr(strlen("BIN:"), std::string::npos);
                  std::string_view res;
                  if (bin == "0") 
                    res = bin;
                  else 
                    res = bin.substr(from, width);
                  cons->VpiValue("BIN:" + std::string(res));
                  cons->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(width));
                  cons->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
                  return cons;
                }
              }
            } else {
              from += size(member, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, true);
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }

  int32_t selectIndex = -1;
  if (elemName.find('[') != std::string::npos) {
    std::string_view indexName = ltrim(elemName, '[');
    indexName = rtrim(indexName, ']');
    if (NumUtils::parseInt32(indexName, &selectIndex) == nullptr) {
      selectIndex = -1;
    }
    elemName.clear();
    if (const operation *oper = any_cast<const operation *>(object)) {
      int32_t opType = oper->VpiOpType();
      if (opType == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
        VectorOfany *operands = oper->Operands();
        int32_t sInd = 0;
        for (auto operand : *operands) {
          if ((selectIndex >= 0) && (sInd == selectIndex)) {
            return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, operand,
                                        invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                        returnType, muteError);
          }
          sInd++;
        }
      }
    } else if (const logic_typespec *ltps =
                   any_cast<const logic_typespec *>(object)) {
      VectorOfrange *ranges = ltps->Ranges();
      if (ranges && (ranges->size() >= 2)) {
        logic_typespec *tmp = s.MakeLogic_typespec();
        VectorOfrange *tmpR = s.MakeRangeVec();
        for (uint32_t i = 1; i < ranges->size(); i++) {
          tmpR->push_back(ranges->at(i));
        }
        tmp->Ranges(tmpR);
        return tmp;
      }
    } else if (const array_typespec *ltps =
                   any_cast<const array_typespec *>(object)) {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ltps->Elem_typespec()) {
        return (typespec *)rt->Actual_typespec();
      }
    } else if (const packed_array_typespec *ltps =
                   any_cast<const packed_array_typespec *>(object)) {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = ltps->Elem_typespec()) {
        return (typespec *)rt->Actual_typespec();
      }
    } else if (constant *c = any_cast<constant *>(object)) {
      if (expr *tmp = reduceBitSelect(c, selectIndex, invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                      muteError)) {
        if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
          if (ref_typespec *rt = tmp->Typespec()) {
            return rt->Actual_typespec();
          }
          return nullptr;
        }
        return tmp;
      }
      return object;
    }
  } else if (level == 0) {
    return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, object, invalidValue,
                                inst, pexpr, returnType, muteError);
  }

  if (const operation *oper = any_cast<const operation *>(object)) {
    int32_t opType = oper->VpiOpType();

    if (opType == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
      VectorOfany *operands = oper->Operands();
      any *defaultPattern = nullptr;
      int32_t sInd = 0;

      int32_t bIndex = -1;
      if (inst) {
        /*
        any *baseP = nullptr;
        VectorOfany *parameters = nullptr;
        if (inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
        } else if (inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
          parameters = ((design *)inst)->Parameters();
        } else if (any_cast<scope *>(inst)) {
          parameters = ((scope *)inst)->Parameters();
        }
        if (parameters) {
          for (auto p : *parameters) {
            if (p->VpiName() == select_path[0]) {
              baseP = p;
              break;
            }
          }
        }
        */
        if (any *baseP = getObject(select_path[0], inst, pexpr, muteError)) {
          const typespec *tps = nullptr;
          if (parameter *p = any_cast<parameter *>(baseP)) {
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = p->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
          } else if (operation *op = any_cast<operation *>(baseP)) {
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = op->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
          } else if (io_decl *decl = any_cast<io_decl *>(baseP)) {
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = decl->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
          }

          if (tps) {
            if (tps->UhdmType() ==
                UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpacked_array_typespec) {
              packed_array_typespec *tmp = (packed_array_typespec *)tps;
              if (const ref_typespec *rt = tmp->Elem_typespec()) {
                tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
              }
            } else if (tps->UhdmType() ==
                       UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_typespec) {
              array_typespec *tmp = (array_typespec *)tps;
              if (const ref_typespec *rt = tmp->Elem_typespec()) {
                tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
              }
            }
            if (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec) {
              struct_typespec *sts = (struct_typespec *)tps;
              if (VectorOftypespec_member *members = sts->Members()) {
                uint32_t i = 0;
                for (typespec_member *member : *members) {
                  if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
                    bIndex = i;
                    break;
                  }
                  i++;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (inst) {
        const any *tmpInstance = inst;
        while ((bIndex == -1) && tmpInstance) {
          VectorOfparam_assign *param_assigns = nullptr;
          if (tmpInstance->UhdmType() ==
              UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
          } else if (tmpInstance->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
            param_assigns = ((design *)tmpInstance)->Param_assigns();
          } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(tmpInstance)) {
            param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();
          }
          if (param_assigns) {
            for (param_assign *param : *param_assigns) {
              if (param && param->Lhs()) {
                const std::string_view param_name = param->Lhs()->VpiName();
                if (param_name == select_path[0]) {
                  if (const parameter *p =
                          any_cast<const parameter *>(param->Lhs())) {
                    if (const ref_typespec *rt = p->Typespec()) {
                      if (const typespec *tps = rt->Actual_typespec()) {
                        if (tps->UhdmType() ==
                            UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpacked_array_typespec) {
                          if (const ref_typespec *ert =
                                  ((packed_array_typespec *)tps)
                                      ->Elem_typespec()) {
                            tps = ert->Actual_typespec();
                          }
                        } else if (tps->UhdmType() ==
                                   UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_typespec) {
                          if (const ref_typespec *ert =
                                  ((array_typespec *)tps)->Elem_typespec()) {
                            tps = ert->Actual_typespec();
                          }
                        }
                        if (tps && (tps->UhdmType() ==
                                    UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_typespec)) {
                          struct_typespec *sts = (struct_typespec *)tps;
                          if (VectorOftypespec_member *members =
                                  sts->Members()) {
                            uint32_t i = 0;
                            for (typespec_member *member : *members) {
                              if (member->VpiName() == elemName) {
                                bIndex = i;
                                break;
                              }
                              i++;
                            }
                          }
                        }
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
          tmpInstance = tmpInstance->VpiParent();
        }
      }
      for (auto operand : *operands) {
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE operandType = operand->UhdmType();
        if (operandType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtagged_pattern) {
          tagged_pattern *tpatt = (tagged_pattern *)operand;
          const typespec *tps = nullptr;
          if (const ref_typespec *rt = tpatt->Typespec()) {
            tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
          }
          if (tps->VpiName() == "default") {
            defaultPattern = (any *)tpatt->Pattern();
          }
          if (!elemName.empty() && (tps->VpiName() == elemName)) {
            const any *patt = tpatt->Pattern();
            UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE pattType = patt->UhdmType();
            if (pattType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
              any *ex = reduceExpr((expr *)patt, invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                   muteError);
              if (level < select_path.size()) {
                ex = hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, ex,
                                          invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                          returnType);
              }
              if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
                if (typespec *tp = any_cast<typespec>(ex)) {
                  return tp;
                } else if (expr *ep = any_cast<expr>(ex)) {
                  if (ref_typespec *rt = ep->Typespec()) {
                    return rt->Actual_typespec();
                  }
                } else if (io_decl *id = any_cast<io_decl>(ex)) {
                  if (ref_typespec *rt = id->Typespec()) {
                    return rt->Actual_typespec();
                  }
                } else if (typespec *tp = any_cast<typespec>(object)) {
                  return tp;
                } else if (expr *ep = any_cast<expr>(object)) {
                  if (ref_typespec *rt = ep->Typespec()) {
                    return rt->Actual_typespec();
                  }
                } else if (io_decl *id = any_cast<io_decl>(object)) {
                  if (ref_typespec *rt = id->Typespec()) {
                    return rt->Actual_typespec();
                  }
                }
                return nullptr;
              }
              return ex;
            } else if (pattType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
              return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, (expr *)patt,
                                          invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                          returnType);
            }
          }
        } else if (operandType == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
          if ((bIndex >= 0) && (bIndex == sInd)) {
            return hierarchicalSelector(select_path, level + 1, (expr *)operand,
                                        invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                        returnType);
          }
        }
        sInd++;
      }
      if (defaultPattern) {
        if (expr *ex = any_cast<expr *>(defaultPattern)) {
          ex = reduceExpr(ex, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
          if (returnType == ReturnType::TYPESPEC) {
            if (typespec *tp = any_cast<typespec>(ex)) {
              return tp;
            } else if (expr *ep = any_cast<expr>(ex)) {
              if (ref_typespec *rt = ep->Typespec()) {
                return rt->Actual_typespec();
              }
            } else if (io_decl *id = any_cast<io_decl>(ex)) {
              if (ref_typespec *rt = id->Typespec()) {
                return rt->Actual_typespec();
              }
            } else if (typespec *tp = any_cast<typespec>(object)) {
              return tp;
            } else if (expr *ep = any_cast<expr>(object)) {
              if (ref_typespec *rt = ep->Typespec()) {
                return rt->Actual_typespec();
              }
            } else if (io_decl *id = any_cast<io_decl>(object)) {
              if (ref_typespec *rt = id->Typespec()) {
                return rt->Actual_typespec();
              }
            }
            return nullptr;
          }
          return ex;
        }
      }
    }
  }
  return nullptr;
}

expr *ExprEval::reduceExpr(const any *result, bool &invalidValue,
                           const any *inst, const any *pexpr, bool muteError) {
  if (!result) return nullptr;
  Serializer &s = *result->GetSerializer();
  UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE objtype = result->UhdmType();
  if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
    operation *op = (operation *)result;
    for (auto t : m_skipOperationTypes) {
      if (op->VpiOpType() == t) {
        return (expr *)result;
      }
    }
    bool constantOperands = true;
    if (VectorOfany *oprns = op->Operands()) {
      VectorOfany &operands = *oprns;
      for (auto oper : operands) {
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE optype = oper->UhdmType();
        if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj) {
          ref_obj *ref = (ref_obj *)oper;
          const std::string_view name = ref->VpiName();
          if (name == "default" && ref->VpiStructMember()) continue;
          if (getValue(name, inst, pexpr, muteError, result) == nullptr) {
            constantOperands = false;
            break;
          }
        } else if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
        } else if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmsys_func_call) {
        } else if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmfunc_call) {
        } else if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_select) {
        } else if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmhier_path) {
        } else if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmvar_select) {
        } else if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_var) {
        } else if (optype != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
          constantOperands = false;
          break;
        }
      }
      if (constantOperands) {
        int32_t optype = op->VpiOpType();
        switch (optype) {
          case vpiArithRShiftOp:
          case vpiRShiftOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              expr *arg0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              if (arg0 && arg0->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                constant *c = (constant *)arg0;
                if (c->VpiSize() == -1) invalidValue = true;
              }
              int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValue, arg0);
              int64_t val1 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)val0) >> ((uint64_t)val1);
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiLeOp:
          case vpiLtOp:
          case vpiGeOp:
          case vpiGtOp:
          case vpiNeqOp:
          case vpiEqOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              result = reduceCompOp(op, invalidValue, inst, pexpr);
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiPostIncOp:
          case vpiPostDecOp:
          case vpiPreDecOp:
          case vpiPreIncOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              expr *reduc0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              int64_t val = get_value(invalidValueI, reduc0);
              if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                if (op->VpiOpType() == vpiPostIncOp ||
                    op->VpiOpType() == vpiPreIncOp) {
                  val++;
                } else {
                  val--;
                }
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(64);
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                result = c;
                std::map<std::string, const typespec *> local_vars;
                setValueInInstance(operands[0]->VpiName(), operands[0], c,
                                   invalidValue, s, inst, op, local_vars, 0,
                                   muteError);
              } else {
                invalidValueD = false;
                long double val = get_double(invalidValueD, reduc0);
                if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  if (op->VpiOpType() == vpiPostIncOp ||
                      op->VpiOpType() == vpiPreIncOp) {
                    val++;
                  } else {
                    val--;
                  }
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                  result = c;
                  std::map<std::string, const typespec *> local_vars;
                  setValueInInstance(operands[0]->VpiName(), operands[0], c,
                                     invalidValue, s, inst, op, local_vars, 0,
                                     muteError);
                }
              }
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiArithLShiftOp:
          case vpiLShiftOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              expr *arg0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              if (arg0 && arg0->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                constant *c = (constant *)arg0;
                if (c->VpiSize() == -1) invalidValue = true;
              }
              int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValue, arg0);
              int64_t val1 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)val0) << ((uint64_t)val1);
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiAddOp:
          case vpiPlusOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              expr *expr0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              expr *expr1 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              bool unsignedOperation = true;
              for (auto exp : {expr0, expr1}) {
                if (exp) {
                  if (exp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                    constant *c = (constant *)exp;
                    if (c->VpiConstType() == vpiIntConst ||
                        c->VpiConstType() == vpiStringConst ||
                        c->VpiConstType() == vpiRealConst ||
                        c->VpiConstType() == vpiDecConst) {
                      unsignedOperation = false;
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              if (unsignedOperation) {
                uint64_t val0 = get_uvalue(invalidValueI, expr0);
                uint64_t val1 = get_uvalue(invalidValueI, expr1);
                if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                  uint64_t val = val0 + val1;
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize((expr0->VpiSize() > expr1->VpiSize())
                                 ? expr0->VpiSize()
                                 : expr1->VpiSize());
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
                  result = c;
                }
              } else {
                int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr0);
                int64_t val1 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr1);
                if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                  int64_t val = val0 + val1;
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize((expr0->VpiSize() > expr1->VpiSize())
                                 ? expr0->VpiSize()
                                 : expr1->VpiSize());
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                  result = c;
                } else {
                  invalidValueD = false;
                  long double val0 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr0);
                  long double val1 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr1);
                  if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueD == false)) {
                    long double val = val0 + val1;
                    constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                    c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                    c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                    c->VpiSize((expr0->VpiSize() > expr1->VpiSize())
                                   ? expr0->VpiSize()
                                   : expr1->VpiSize());
                    c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                    result = c;
                  }
                }
              }
              if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) invalidValue = true;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiBitOrOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              int64_t val0 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              int64_t val1 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)val0) | ((uint64_t)val1);
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiBitAndOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              int64_t val0 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              int64_t val1 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)val0) & ((uint64_t)val1);
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiLogOrOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              int64_t val0 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              int64_t val1 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)val0) || ((uint64_t)val1);
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiLogAndOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              int64_t val0 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              int64_t val1 =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t val = ((uint64_t)val0) && ((uint64_t)val1);
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiMinusOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              expr *expr0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr0);
              if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                int64_t val = -val0;
                uint64_t size = 64;
                if (expr0->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                  size = expr0->VpiSize();
                }
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(size));
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                result = c;
              } else {
                invalidValueD = false;
                long double val0 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr0);
                if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  long double val = -val0;
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                  result = c;
                }
              }
              if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) invalidValue = true;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiSubOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              expr *expr0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              expr *expr1 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr0);
              int64_t val1 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr1);
              if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                int64_t val = val0 - val1;
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(64);
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                result = c;
              } else {
                invalidValueD = false;
                long double val0 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr0);
                long double val1 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr1);
                if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  long double val = val0 - val1;
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                  result = c;
                }
              }
              if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) invalidValue = true;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiMultOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              expr *expr0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              expr *expr1 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr0);
              int64_t val1 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr1);
              if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                int64_t val = val0 * val1;
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(64);
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                result = c;
              } else {
                invalidValueD = false;
                long double val0 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr0);
                long double val1 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr1);
                if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  long double val = val0 * val1;
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                  result = c;
                }
              }
              if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) invalidValue = true;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiBitNegOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              expr *operand =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              if (operand) {
                uint64_t val = (uint64_t)get_value(invalidValue, operand);
                if (invalidValue) break;
                uint64_t size = 64;
                if (operand->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                  constant *c = (constant *)operand;
                  size = c->VpiSize();
                  if (const ref_typespec *rt = c->Typespec()) {
                    if (const typespec *tps = rt->Actual_typespec()) {
                      size = ExprEval::size(tps, invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                            true, muteError);
                    }
                  }
                  if (size == 1) {
                    val = !val;
                  } else {
                    uint64_t mask = NumUtils::getMask(size);
                    val = ~val;
                    val = val & mask;
                  }
                } else {
                  val = ~val;
                }

                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(size));
                c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
                result = c;
              }
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiNotOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              uint64_t val = !((uint64_t)get_value(
                  invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst,
                                           pexpr, muteError)));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiInsideOp: {
            if (operands.size() > 1) {
              int64_t val =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              for (uint32_t i = 1; i < operands.size(); i++) {
                int64_t oval = get_value(
                    invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[i], invalidValue, inst,
                                             pexpr, muteError));
                if (invalidValue) break;
                if (oval == val) {
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("UINT:1");
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(1));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
                  result = c;
                  break;
                }
              }
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiUnaryAndOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              constant *cst = (constant *)(reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                      inst, pexpr, muteError));
              uint64_t val = get_value(invalidValue, cst);
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t res = val & 1;
              for (int32_t i = 1; i < cst->VpiSize(); i++) {
                res = res & ((val & (1ULL << i)) >> i);
              }
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiUnaryNandOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              uint64_t val =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t res = val & 1;
              for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 32; i++) {
                res = res & ((val & (1ULL << i)) >> i);
              }
              res = !res;
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiUnaryOrOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              uint64_t val =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t res = val & 1;
              for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 32; i++) {
                res = res | ((val & (1ULL << i)) >> i);
              }
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiUnaryNorOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              uint64_t val =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t res = val & 1;
              for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 64; i++) {
                res = res | ((val & (1ULL << i)) >> i);
              }
              res = !res;
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiUnaryXorOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              uint64_t val =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t res = val & 1;
              for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 64; i++) {
                res = res ^ ((val & (1ULL << i)) >> i);
              }
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiUnaryXNorOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 1) {
              uint64_t val =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              uint64_t res = val & 1;
              for (uint32_t i = 1; i < 64; i++) {
                res = res ^ ((val & (1ULL << i)) >> i);
              }
              res = !res;
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiModOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              expr *expr0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              expr *expr1 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr0);
              int64_t val1 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr1);
              int64_t val = 0;
              if (val1 && (invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                val = val0 % val1;
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(64);
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                result = c;
              } else {
                invalidValueD = false;
                long double val0 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr0);
                long double val1 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr1);
                if (val1 && (invalidValue == false) &&
                    (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  long double val = 0;
                  val = std::fmod(val0, val1);
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                  result = c;
                }
                if ((val1 == 0) && (invalidValue == false) &&
                    (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  // Divide by 0
                  std::string fullPath;
                  if (const gen_scope_array *in =
                          any_cast<const gen_scope_array *>(inst)) {
                    fullPath = in->VpiFullName();
                  } else if (inst &&
                             inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
                    fullPath = inst->VpiName();
                  } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
                    fullPath = spe->VpiFullName();
                  }
                  if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false)
                    s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO,
                                        fullPath, expr1, nullptr);
                }
              }
              if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) invalidValue = true;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiPowerOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              expr *expr0 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              expr *expr1 =
                  reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              int64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr0);
              int64_t val1 = get_value(invalidValueI, expr1);
              int64_t val = 0;
              if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueI == false)) {
                val = static_cast<int64_t>(std::pow<int64_t>(val0, val1));
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(64);
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                result = c;
              } else {
                invalidValueD = false;
                long double val0 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr0);
                long double val1 = get_double(invalidValueD, expr1);
                if ((invalidValue == false) && (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  long double val = 0;
                  val = pow(val0, val1);
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                  result = c;
                }
              }
              if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) invalidValue = true;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiDivOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              bool divideByZero = true;
              expr *div_expr =
                  reduceExpr(operands[1], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              expr *num_expr =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              bool invalidValueI = false;
              bool invalidValueD = false;
              int64_t divisor = get_value(invalidValueI, div_expr);
              int64_t num = get_value(invalidValueI, num_expr);
              if (divisor && (invalidValue == false) &&
                  (invalidValueI == false)) {
                divideByZero = false;
                int64_t val = num / divisor;
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                c->VpiSize(64);
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                result = c;
              } else {
                invalidValueD = false;
                long double divisor = get_double(invalidValueD, div_expr);
                long double num = get_double(invalidValueD, num_expr);
                if (divisor && (invalidValue == false) &&
                    (invalidValueD == false)) {
                  divideByZero = false;
                  long double val = num / divisor;
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
                  result = c;
                }
                if (divisor) {
                  divideByZero = false;
                }
              }
              if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) invalidValue = true;
              if (divideByZero && (!invalidValue)) {
                // Divide by 0
                std::string fullPath;
                if (const gen_scope_array *in =
                        any_cast<const gen_scope_array *>(inst)) {
                  fullPath = in->VpiFullName();
                } else if (inst &&
                           inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
                  fullPath = inst->VpiName();
                } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
                  fullPath = spe->VpiFullName();
                }
                if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false)
                  s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_DIVIDE_BY_ZERO, fullPath,
                                      div_expr, nullptr);
              }
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiConditionOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 3) {
              bool localInvalidValue = false;
              expr *cond =
                  reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              int64_t condVal = get_value(invalidValue, cond);
              if (invalidValue) break;
              int64_t val = 0;
              expr *the_val = nullptr;
              if (condVal) {
                the_val = reduceExpr(operands[1], localInvalidValue, inst,
                                     pexpr, muteError);
              } else {
                the_val = reduceExpr(operands[2], localInvalidValue, inst,
                                     pexpr, muteError);
              }
              if (localInvalidValue == false) {
                val = get_value(localInvalidValue, the_val);
                if (localInvalidValue == false) {
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(val));
                  c->VpiSize(64);
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                  result = c;
                } else {
                  result = the_val;
                }
              } else {
                result = the_val;
              }
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiMultiConcatOp: {
            if (operands.size() == 2) {
              int64_t n =
                  get_value(invalidValue, reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue,
                                                     inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (invalidValue) break;
              if (n > 1000) n = 1000;  // Must be -1 or something silly
              if (n < 0) n = 0;
              expr *cv = (expr *)(operands[1]);
              if (cv->UhdmType() != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                cv = reduceExpr(cv, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
                if (cv->UhdmType() != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                  break;
                }
              }
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              int64_t width = cv->VpiSize();
              int32_t consttype = ((constant *)cv)->VpiConstType();
              c->VpiConstType(consttype);
              if (consttype == vpiBinaryConst) {
                std::string_view val = cv->VpiValue();
                val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
                std::string value;
                if (width > (int32_t)val.size()) {
                  value.append(width - val.size(), '0');
                }
                value += val;
                std::string res;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                  res += value;
                }
                c->VpiValue("BIN:" + res);
                c->VpiDecompile(res);
              } else if (consttype == vpiHexConst) {
                std::string_view val = cv->VpiValue();
                val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("HEX:").length());
                std::string res;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                  res += val;
                }
                c->VpiValue("HEX:" + res);
                c->VpiDecompile(res);
              } else if (consttype == vpiOctConst) {
                std::string_view val = cv->VpiValue();
                val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("OCT:").length());
                std::string res;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                  res += val;
                }
                c->VpiValue("OCT:" + res);
                c->VpiDecompile(res);
              } else if (consttype == vpiStringConst) {
                std::string_view val = cv->VpiValue();
                val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("STRING:").length());
                std::string res;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                  res += val;
                }
                c->VpiValue("STRING:" + res);
                c->VpiDecompile(res);
              } else {
                uint64_t val = get_value(invalidValue, cv);
                if (invalidValue) break;
                uint64_t res = 0;
                for (uint32_t i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                  res |= val << (i * width);
                }
                c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
                c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              }
              c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(n * width));
              // Word size
              if (width) {
                int_typespec *ts = s.MakeInt_typespec();
                ts->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(width));
                ref_typespec *rt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
                rt->Actual_typespec(ts);
                rt->VpiParent(c);
                c->Typespec(rt);
              }
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiConcatOp: {
            constant *c1 = s.MakeConstant();
            std::string cval;
            int32_t csize = 0;
            bool stringVal = false;
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < operands.size(); i++) {
              any *oper = operands[i];
              UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE optype = oper->UhdmType();
              int32_t operType = 0;
              if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
                operation *o = (operation *)oper;
                operType = o->VpiOpType();
              }
              if ((optype != UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) &&
                  (operType != vpiConcatOp) &&
                  (operType != vpiMultiAssignmentPatternOp) &&
                  (operType != vpiAssignmentPatternOp)) {
                if (expr *tmp = reduceExpr(oper, invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                           muteError)) {
                  oper = tmp;
                }
                optype = oper->UhdmType();
              }
              if (optype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
                constant *c2 = (constant *)oper;
                std::string_view sv = c2->VpiValue();
                int32_t size = c2->VpiSize();
                csize += size;
                int32_t type = c2->VpiConstType();
                switch (type) {
                  case vpiBinaryConst: {
                    sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
                    std::string value;
                    if (size > (int32_t)sv.size()) {
                      value.append(size - sv.size(), '0');
                    }
                    if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                      value.append(sv.rbegin(), sv.rend());
                    } else {
                      value.append(sv.begin(), sv.end());
                    }
                    cval += value;
                    break;
                  }
                  case vpiDecConst: {
                    sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("DEC:").length());
                    int64_t iv = 0;
                    if (NumUtils::parseInt64(sv, &iv) == nullptr) {
                      iv = 0;
                    }
                    std::string bin = NumUtils::toBinary(size, iv);
                    if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                      std::reverse(bin.begin(), bin.end());
                    }
                    cval += bin;
                    break;
                  }
                  case vpiHexConst: {
                    sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("HEX:").length());
                    std::string tmp = NumUtils::hexToBin(sv);
                    std::string value;
                    if (size > (int32_t)tmp.size()) {
                      value.append(size - tmp.size(), '0');
                    } else if (size < (int32_t)tmp.size()) {
                      tmp.erase(0, (int32_t)tmp.size() - size);
                    }
                    if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                      std::reverse(tmp.begin(), tmp.end());
                    }
                    value += tmp;
                    cval += value;
                    break;
                  }
                  case vpiOctConst: {
                    sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("OCT:").length());
                    int64_t iv = 0;
                    if (NumUtils::parseOctal(sv, &iv) == nullptr) {
                      iv = 0;
                    }
                    std::string bin = NumUtils::toBinary(size, iv);
                    if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                      std::reverse(bin.begin(), bin.end());
                    }
                    cval += bin;
                    break;
                  }
                  case vpiIntConst: {
                    if (operands.size() == 1 || (size != 64)) {
                      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
                      int64_t iv = 0;
                      if (NumUtils::parseInt64(sv, &iv) == nullptr) {
                        iv = 0;
                      }
                      std::string bin = NumUtils::toBinary(size, iv);
                      if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                        std::reverse(bin.begin(), bin.end());
                      }
                      cval += bin;
                    } else {
                      c1 = nullptr;
                    }
                    break;
                  }
                  case vpiUIntConst: {
                    if (operands.size() == 1 || (size != 64)) {
                      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
                      uint64_t iv = 0;
                      if (NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &iv) == nullptr) {
                        iv = 0;
                      }
                      std::string bin = NumUtils::toBinary(size, iv);
                      if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                        std::reverse(bin.begin(), bin.end());
                      }
                      cval += bin;
                    } else {
                      c1 = nullptr;
                    }
                    break;
                  }
                  case vpiStringConst: {
                    sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("STRING:").length());
                    cval += sv;
                    stringVal = true;
                    break;
                  }
                  default: {
                    if (sv.find("UINT:") == 0) {
                      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
                      uint64_t iv = 0;
                      if (NumUtils::parseUint64(sv, &iv) == nullptr) {
                        iv = 0;
                      }
                      std::string bin = NumUtils::toBinary(size, iv);
                      if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                        std::reverse(bin.begin(), bin.end());
                      }
                      cval += bin;
                    } else {
                      sv.remove_prefix(std::string_view("IINT:").length());
                      int64_t iv = 0;
                      if (NumUtils::parseInt64(sv, &iv) == nullptr) {
                        iv = 0;
                      }
                      std::string bin = NumUtils::toBinary(size, iv);
                      if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                        std::reverse(bin.begin(), bin.end());
                      }
                      cval += bin;
                    }
                    break;
                  }
                }
              } else {
                c1 = nullptr;
                break;
              }
            }
            if (c1) {
              if (stringVal) {
                c1->VpiValue("STRING:" + cval);
                c1->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(cval.size() * 8));
                c1->VpiConstType(vpiStringConst);
              } else {
                if (op->VpiReordered()) {
                  std::reverse(cval.begin(), cval.end());
                }
                if (cval.size() > UHDM_MAX_BIT_WIDTH) {
                  std::string fullPath;
                  if (const gen_scope_array *in =
                          any_cast<const gen_scope_array *>(inst)) {
                    fullPath = in->VpiFullName();
                  } else if (inst &&
                             inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
                    fullPath = inst->VpiName();
                  } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
                    fullPath = spe->VpiFullName();
                  }
                  if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false)
                    s.GetErrorHandler()(
                        ErrorType::UHDM_INTERNAL_ERROR_OUT_OF_BOUND, fullPath,
                        op, nullptr);
                  cval = "0";
                }
                c1->VpiValue("BIN:" + cval);
                c1->VpiSize(csize);
                c1->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
              }
              result = c1;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiCastOp: {
            expr *oper =
                reduceExpr(operands[0], invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
            uint64_t val0 = get_value(invalidValue, oper);
            if (invalidValue) break;
            const typespec *tps = nullptr;
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = op->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
            if (tps == nullptr) break;
            UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ttps = tps->UhdmType();
            if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmint_typespec) {
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string((int32_t)val0));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlong_int_typespec) {
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string((int64_t)val0));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_typespec) {
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("BIN:" + std::to_string((int64_t)val0 & 1));
              c->VpiSize(1);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
              result = c;
            } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmshort_int_typespec) {
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string((int16_t)val0));
              c->VpiSize(16);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdminteger_typespec) {
              integer_typespec *itps = (integer_typespec *)tps;
              std::string_view val = itps->VpiValue();
              uint64_t cast_to = 0;
              if (val.empty()) {
                cast_to = 32;
              } else if (val.find("UINT:") == 0) {
                val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("UINT:").length());
                if (NumUtils::parseUint64(val, &cast_to) == nullptr) {
                  cast_to = 32;
                }
              } else {
                val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("INT:").length());
                if (NumUtils::parseIntLenient(val, &cast_to) == nullptr) {
                  cast_to = 32;
                }
              }
              // SV LRM §6.24.1: a size cast `N'(expr)` preserves the
              // OPERAND's signedness.  We only treat the operand as
              // signed when an EXPLICIT signed marker is present (a
              // signed typespec on the folded constant) — `vpiIntConst`
              // alone is unreliable because Surelog stores arithmetic
              // results (e.g. `PartEnd - 4` from an unsigned PartEnd)
              // as `vpiIntConst` regardless of operand signedness.
              // `$signed(...)` attaches the signed typespec below so
              // that `8'(4'(signed'(-8'd1)))` correctly sign-extends.
              bool oper_signed = false;
              if (constant *oc = any_cast<constant *>(oper)) {
                if (const ref_typespec *ort = oc->Typespec()) {
                  if (const typespec *ots = ort->Actual_typespec()) {
                    UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ott = ots->UhdmType();
                    if (ott == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_typespec)
                      oper_signed = ((const logic_typespec*)ots)->VpiSigned();
                    else if (ott == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_typespec)
                      oper_signed = ((const bit_typespec*)ots)->VpiSigned();
                    else if (ott == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmint_typespec)
                      oper_signed = ((const int_typespec*)ots)->VpiSigned();
                    else if (ott == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdminteger_typespec)
                      oper_signed = ((const integer_typespec*)ots)->VpiSigned();
                    else if (ott == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbyte_typespec)
                      oper_signed = ((const byte_typespec*)ots)->VpiSigned();
                    else if (ott == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmshort_int_typespec)
                      oper_signed = ((const short_int_typespec*)ots)->VpiSigned();
                    else if (ott == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlong_int_typespec)
                      oper_signed = ((const long_int_typespec*)ots)->VpiSigned();
                  }
                }
              }
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              uint64_t mask = ((uint64_t)(1ULL << cast_to)) - 1ULL;
              resize(oper, cast_to);
              val0 = get_value(invalidValue, oper);
              uint64_t res = val0 & mask;
              if (oper_signed) {
                int64_t sres = (int64_t)res;
                if (cast_to < 64) {
                  uint64_t sign = 1ULL << (cast_to - 1);
                  if (res & sign) sres = (int64_t)(res | ~mask);
                }
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(sres));
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                // Propagate the signed marker so a chained outer cast
                // (`8'(4'(...))`) still sees its operand as signed.
                logic_typespec *lt = s.MakeLogic_typespec();
                lt->VpiSigned(true);
                ref_typespec *rt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
                rt->VpiParent(c);
                rt->Actual_typespec(lt);
                c->Typespec(rt);
              } else {
                c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
                c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              }
              c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(cast_to));
              result = c;
            } else if (ttps == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_typespec) {
              // TODO: Should check the value is in range of the enum and
              // issue error if not
              constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(val0));
              c->VpiSize(64);
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
              result = c;
            }
            break;
          }
          case vpiMultiAssignmentPatternOp:
          case vpiAssignmentPatternOp:
            // Don't reduce these ops
            break;
          default: {
            invalidValue = true;
            break;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return (expr *)result;
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
    return (expr *)result;
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmsys_func_call) {
    sys_func_call *scall = (sys_func_call *)result;
    const std::string_view name = scall->VpiName();
    // Per SV LRM §20.7, `$size(arr [, dim])` returns the size of the
    // numbered dimension (1 = outermost).  The old handler routed
    // `$size` through the generic `size()` function which (a) added
    // the dim-index argument's bit-width to the running total, (b)
    // applied the LAST range only (`ranges->back()`) instead of the
    // requested one, and (c) had no `array_net` case at all — so
    // `$size(z)` / `$size(z, N)` on an unpacked array net returned
    // wrong values.  Handle `$size` independently before the generic
    // path.
    if (name == "$size") {
      // Collect all dimensions (outer → inner: unpacked first, packed
      // last) of the first call argument.  `strip_outer` counts
      // bit_select / var_select indices we still need to strip from
      // the front of the dim list.
      struct DimEntry { int64_t left, right; };
      std::vector<DimEntry> alldims;
      int strip_outer = 0;
      bool dim_ok = true;

      std::function<void(const any *)> walk_ts;
      std::function<void(const any *)> walk_obj;

      walk_ts = [&](const any *ts) {
        if (!ts) return;
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE tt = ts->UhdmType();
        if (tt == uhdmref_typespec) {
          ts = ((ref_typespec *)ts)->Actual_typespec();
          if (!ts) return;
          tt = ts->UhdmType();
        }
        VectorOfrange *rs = nullptr;
        const any *elem_ts = nullptr;
        if (tt == uhdmlogic_typespec) {
          auto *t = (logic_typespec *)ts;
          rs = t->Ranges();
          if (t->Elem_typespec()) elem_ts = t->Elem_typespec()->Actual_typespec();
        } else if (tt == uhdmbit_typespec) {
          rs = ((bit_typespec *)ts)->Ranges();
        } else if (tt == uhdmint_typespec) {
          rs = ((int_typespec *)ts)->Ranges();
        } else if (tt == uhdmpacked_array_typespec) {
          auto *t = (packed_array_typespec *)ts;
          rs = t->Ranges();
          if (t->Elem_typespec()) elem_ts = t->Elem_typespec()->Actual_typespec();
        } else if (tt == uhdmarray_typespec) {
          auto *t = (array_typespec *)ts;
          rs = t->Ranges();
          if (t->Elem_typespec()) elem_ts = t->Elem_typespec()->Actual_typespec();
        }
        if (rs) {
          for (range *r : *rs) {
            bool inv = false;
            int64_t lv = getValue(reduceExpr(r->Left_expr(), inv, inst, pexpr, muteError));
            int64_t rv = getValue(reduceExpr(r->Right_expr(), inv, inst, pexpr, muteError));
            if (inv) { dim_ok = false; return; }
            alldims.push_back({lv, rv});
          }
        }
        if (elem_ts) walk_ts(elem_ts);
      };

      walk_obj = [&](const any *obj) {
        if (!obj) { dim_ok = false; return; }
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE ot = obj->UhdmType();
        if (ot == uhdmarray_net) {
          auto *an = (array_net *)obj;
          if (an->Ranges()) {
            for (range *r : *an->Ranges()) {
              bool inv = false;
              int64_t lv = getValue(reduceExpr(r->Left_expr(), inv, inst, pexpr, muteError));
              int64_t rv = getValue(reduceExpr(r->Right_expr(), inv, inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (inv) { dim_ok = false; return; }
              alldims.push_back({lv, rv});
            }
          }
          if (an->Nets() && !an->Nets()->empty()) {
            auto *n = (*an->Nets())[0];
            if (n->Typespec()) walk_ts(n->Typespec()->Actual_typespec());
          }
        } else if (auto *lvar = any_cast<logic_var *>(obj)) {
          if (lvar->Typespec()) walk_ts(lvar->Typespec()->Actual_typespec());
        } else if (auto *lnet = any_cast<logic_net *>(obj)) {
          if (lnet->Typespec()) walk_ts(lnet->Typespec()->Actual_typespec());
        } else if (auto *var = any_cast<array_var *>(obj)) {
          if (var->Ranges()) {
            for (range *r : *var->Ranges()) {
              bool inv = false;
              int64_t lv = getValue(reduceExpr(r->Left_expr(), inv, inst, pexpr, muteError));
              int64_t rv = getValue(reduceExpr(r->Right_expr(), inv, inst, pexpr, muteError));
              if (inv) { dim_ok = false; return; }
              alldims.push_back({lv, rv});
            }
          }
          if (var->Variables() && !var->Variables()->empty()) {
            variables *v = (*var->Variables())[0];
            if (v->Typespec()) walk_ts(v->Typespec()->Actual_typespec());
          }
        }
      };

      if (scall->Tf_call_args() && !scall->Tf_call_args()->empty()) {
        any *arg0 = scall->Tf_call_args()->at(0);
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE at = arg0->UhdmType();
        // bit_select / var_select strip outer dims by Exprs().size().
        if (at == uhdmbit_select) {
          ++strip_outer;
          auto *bs = (bit_select *)arg0;
          std::string_view bname = bs->VpiName();
          any *obj = getObject(bname, inst, pexpr, muteError);
          walk_obj(obj);
        } else if (at == uhdmvar_select) {
          auto *vs = (var_select *)arg0;
          if (vs->Exprs()) strip_outer = (int)vs->Exprs()->size();
          std::string_view bname = vs->VpiName();
          any *obj = getObject(bname, inst, pexpr, muteError);
          walk_obj(obj);
        } else if (at == uhdmref_obj) {
          auto *ref = (ref_obj *)arg0;
          std::string_view objname = ref->VpiName();
          any *obj = getObject(objname, inst, pexpr, muteError);
          if (obj == nullptr) {
            // Fall back to typespec on the ref itself.
            if (ref->Typespec()) walk_ts(ref->Typespec()->Actual_typespec());
          } else {
            walk_obj(obj);
          }
        } else {
          dim_ok = false;
        }
      } else {
        dim_ok = false;
      }

      // Determine the dim index from the optional 2nd arg.
      int64_t dim_index = 1;
      if (dim_ok && scall->Tf_call_args()->size() >= 2) {
        bool inv = false;
        dim_index = getValue(
            reduceExpr(scall->Tf_call_args()->at(1), inv, inst, pexpr, muteError));
        if (inv) dim_ok = false;
      }

      if (dim_ok) {
        // Apply outer-dim stripping from bit/var-selects.
        while (strip_outer > 0 && !alldims.empty()) {
          alldims.erase(alldims.begin());
          --strip_outer;
        }
        if (dim_index >= 1 && dim_index <= (int64_t)alldims.size()) {
          const DimEntry &d = alldims[dim_index - 1];
          uint64_t dsize = (d.left > d.right)
                               ? (uint64_t)(d.left - d.right) + 1
                               : (uint64_t)(d.right - d.left) + 1;
          constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
          c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(dsize));
          c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(dsize));
          c->VpiSize(64);
          c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
          return c;
        }
      }
      // Fall through to generic handler below if our walker couldn't
      // resolve the dim — preserves behavior for cases we don't cover
      // (struct fields, function-call args, etc).
    }
    if ((name == "$bits") || (name == "$size") || (name == "$high") ||
        (name == "$low") || (name == "$left") || (name == "$right")) {
      uint64_t bits = 0;
      bool found = false;
      for (auto arg : *scall->Tf_call_args()) {
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE argtype = arg->UhdmType();
        if (argtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj) {
          ref_obj *ref = (ref_obj *)arg;
          const std::string_view objname = ref->VpiName();
          any *object = getObject(objname, inst, pexpr, muteError);
          if (object == nullptr) {
            if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpackage) {
              std::string name(inst->VpiName());
              name.append("::").append(objname);
              object = getObject(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
            }
          }
          if (object) {
            if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(object)) {
              object = passign->Rhs();
            }
          }
          if (object == nullptr) {
            object = getValue(objname, inst, pexpr, muteError);
          }
          const typespec *tps = nullptr;
          if (any_cast<array_var *>(object)) {
            // Size the object, not its typespec
          } else if (expr *exp = any_cast<expr *>(object)) {
            if (ref_typespec *rt = exp->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
          } else if (typespec *tp = any_cast<typespec *>(object)) {
            tps = tp;
          }

          if ((name == "$high") || (name == "$low") || (name == "$left") ||
              (name == "$right")) {
            VectorOfrange *ranges = nullptr;
            if (tps) {
              switch (tps->UhdmType()) {
                case uhdmbit_typespec: {
                  bit_typespec *bts = (bit_typespec *)tps;
                  ranges = bts->Ranges();
                  break;
                }
                case uhdmint_typespec: {
                  int_typespec *bts = (int_typespec *)tps;
                  ranges = bts->Ranges();
                  break;
                }
                case uhdmlogic_typespec: {
                  logic_typespec *bts = (logic_typespec *)tps;
                  ranges = bts->Ranges();
                  break;
                }
                case uhdmarray_typespec: {
                  array_typespec *bts = (array_typespec *)tps;
                  ranges = bts->Ranges();
                  break;
                }
                case uhdmpacked_array_typespec: {
                  packed_array_typespec *bts = (packed_array_typespec *)tps;
                  ranges = bts->Ranges();
                  break;
                }
                default:
                  break;
              }
            }
            if (ranges) {
              range *r = ranges->at(0);
              expr *lr = r->Left_expr();
              expr *rr = r->Right_expr();
              bool invalidValue = false;
              lr = reduceExpr(lr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              UHDM::ExprEval eval;
              int64_t lrv = eval.get_value(invalidValue, lr);
              rr = reduceExpr(rr, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
              int64_t rrv = eval.get_value(invalidValue, rr);
              if (name == "$left") {
                return lr;
              } else if (name == "$right") {
                return rr;
              } else if (name == "$high") {
                if (lrv > rrv) {
                  return lr;
                } else {
                  return rr;
                }
              } else if (name == "$low") {
                if (lrv > rrv) {
                  return rr;
                } else {
                  return lr;
                }
              }
            }
          }

          if (tps) {
            bits += size(tps, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, (name != "$size"));
            found = true;
          } else {
            if (object) {
              bits +=
                  size(object, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, (name != "$size"));
              found = true;
            } else {
              invalidValue = true;
            }
          }
        } else if (argtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
          operation *oper = (operation *)arg;
          if (oper->VpiOpType() == vpiConcatOp) {
            for (auto op : *oper->Operands()) {
              bits += size(op, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, (name != "$size"));
            }
            found = true;
          }
        } else if (argtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmhier_path) {
          hier_path *path = (hier_path *)arg;
          auto elems = path->Path_elems();
          if (elems && (elems->size() > 1)) {
            const std::string_view base = elems->at(0)->VpiName();
            const std::string_view suffix = elems->at(1)->VpiName();
            any *var = getObject(base, inst, pexpr, muteError);
            if (var) {
              if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(var)) {
                var = passign->Rhs();
              }
            }
            if (const port *p = any_cast<port>(var)) {
              if (const ref_typespec *prt = p->Typespec()) {
                if (const struct_typespec *tpss =
                        prt->Actual_typespec<struct_typespec>()) {
                  for (typespec_member *memb : *tpss->Members()) {
                    if (memb->VpiName() == suffix) {
                      if (const ref_typespec *rom = memb->Typespec()) {
                        bits += size(rom->Actual_typespec(), invalidValue, inst,
                                     pexpr, (name != "$size"));
                        found = true;
                      }
                      break;
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
      if (found) {
        constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
        c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(bits));
        c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(bits));
        c->VpiSize(64);
        c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
        result = c;
      }
    } else if (name == "$clog2") {
      bool invalidValue = false;
      for (auto arg : *scall->Tf_call_args()) {
        uint64_t clog2 = 0;
        uint64_t val =
            get_uvalue(invalidValue,
                       reduceExpr(arg, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));
        if (val) {
          val = val - 1;
          for (; val > 0; clog2 = clog2 + 1) {
            val = val >> 1;
          }
        }
        if (invalidValue == false) {
          constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
          c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(clog2));
          c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(clog2));
          c->VpiSize(64);
          c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
          result = c;
        }
      }
    } else if (name == "$signed" || name == "$unsigned") {
      if (scall->Tf_call_args()) {
        const typespec *optps = nullptr;
        if (const ref_typespec *rt = scall->Typespec()) {
          optps = rt->Actual_typespec();
        }
        for (auto arg : *scall->Tf_call_args()) {
          bool invalidTmpValue = false;
          expr *val = reduceExpr(arg, invalidTmpValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
          if (val && (val->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) &&
              !invalidTmpValue) {
            constant *c = (constant *)val;
            if (c->VpiConstType() == vpiIntConst ||
                c->VpiConstType() == vpiDecConst) {
              int64_t value = get_value(invalidValue, val);
              int64_t size = c->VpiSize();
              if (name == "$signed") {
                // Attach a signed typespec hint so downstream code (in
                // particular the size-cast handler) can distinguish a
                // genuinely-signed value from an incidental vpiIntConst
                // produced by arithmetic over unsigned operands.
                if (!c->Typespec()) {
                  logic_typespec *lt = s.MakeLogic_typespec();
                  lt->VpiSigned(true);
                  ref_typespec *rt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
                  rt->VpiParent(c);
                  rt->Actual_typespec(lt);
                  c->Typespec(rt);
                }
                return c;
              } else {
                uint64_t res = value;
                if (value >= 0) {
                  return c;
                } else {
                  res = ~value;
                  res = ~res;
                  uint64_t mask = NumUtils::getMask(size);
                  res = res & mask;
                  constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                  c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(res));
                  c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
                  c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(size));
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
                  result = c;
                }
              }
            } else if (c->VpiConstType() == vpiUIntConst ||
                       c->VpiConstType() == vpiBinaryConst ||
                       c->VpiConstType() == vpiHexConst ||
                       c->VpiConstType() == vpiOctConst) {
              uint64_t value = get_uvalue(invalidValue, val);
              int64_t size = c->VpiSize();
              if (name == "$signed") {
                int64_t res = value;
                bool negsign = value & (1ULL << (size - 1));
                if (optps) {
                  uint32_t bits =
                      ExprEval::size(optps, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, false);
                  bool is_signed = false;
                  if (optps->UhdmType() ==
                      UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_typespec) {
                    logic_typespec *ltps = (logic_typespec *)optps;
                    is_signed = ltps->VpiSigned();
                  }
                  if (!is_signed) {
                    if ((size >= 0) && (bits > size)) {
                      for (uint32_t i = (uint32_t)size; i < bits; i++) {
                        res |= 1ULL << i;
                      }
                    }
                  } else {
                    uint32_t half = (2 << (size - 2));
                    if (res >= half) {
                      res = (-(2 << (size - 1))) + res;
                    }
                  }
                } else {
                  if (negsign) {
                    res &= ~(1ULL << (size - 1));
                    res = -res;
                  }
                }
                constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
                c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(res));
                c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(res));
                c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(size));
                c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                // Attach signed typespec hint (see comment above).
                logic_typespec *lt = s.MakeLogic_typespec();
                lt->VpiSigned(true);
                ref_typespec *rt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
                rt->VpiParent(c);
                rt->Actual_typespec(lt);
                c->Typespec(rt);
                result = c;
              } else {
                result = c;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmfunc_call) {
    func_call *scall = (func_call *)result;
    const std::string_view name = scall->VpiName();
    std::vector<any *> *args = scall->Tf_call_args();
    function *actual_func = nullptr;
    if (task_func *func = getTaskFunc(name, inst)) {
      actual_func = any_cast<function *>(func);
    }
    if (actual_func == nullptr) {
      if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false) {
        const std::string errMsg(name);
        s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNDEFINED_USER_FUNCTION, errMsg,
                            scall, nullptr);
      }
      invalidValue = true;
    }
    if (expr *tmp = evalFunc(actual_func, args, invalidValue, inst,
                             (any *)pexpr, muteError)) {
      if (!invalidValue) result = tmp;
    }
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj) {
    ref_obj *ref = (ref_obj *)result;
    const std::string_view name = ref->VpiName();
    if (any *tmp = getValue(name, inst, pexpr, muteError)) {
      result = tmp;
    } else if (const any *actual = ref->Actual_group()) {
      // Fallback: use the elaborated Actual pointer to resolve the value
      // This handles parameters/localparams in generate scopes that
      // can't be found by name lookup alone
      if (const parameter *param = any_cast<const parameter *>(actual)) {
        std::string_view val = param->VpiValue();
        if (!val.empty()) {
          bool tmpInvalid = false;
          get_value(tmpInvalid, (const expr *)param);
          if (!tmpInvalid) {
            constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
            c->VpiValue(std::string(val));
            c->VpiDecompile(param->VpiDecompile());
            c->VpiSize(param->VpiSize());
            c->VpiConstType(param->VpiConstType());
            result = c;
          }
        }
      }
    }
    return (expr *)result;
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmhier_path) {
    hier_path *path = (hier_path *)result;
    return (expr *)decodeHierPath(path, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, ReturnType::VALUE);
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_select) {
    bit_select *sel = (bit_select *)result;
    const std::string_view name = sel->VpiName();
    const expr *index = sel->VpiIndex();
    uint64_t index_val = get_value(
        invalidValue,
        reduceExpr((expr *)index, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));
    if (invalidValue == false) {
      any *object = getObject(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
      if (object) {
        if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(object)) {
          object = (any *)passign->Rhs();
        }
      }
      if (object == nullptr) {
        object = getValue(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
      }
      if (object && (object != result)) {
        if (expr *tmp = reduceExpr((expr *)object, invalidValue, inst, pexpr,
                                   muteError)) {
          object = tmp;
        }
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE otype = object->UhdmType();
        if (otype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpacked_array_var) {
          packed_array_var *array = (packed_array_var *)object;
          VectorOfany *elems = array->Elements();
          if (elems && index_val < elems->size()) {
            any *elem = elems->at(index_val);
            if (elem->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmenum_var ||
                elem->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmstruct_var ||
                elem->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmunion_var ||
                elem->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_var) {
            } else {
              result = elems->at(index_val);
            }
          }
        } else if (otype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_expr) {
          array_expr *array = (array_expr *)object;
          VectorOfexpr *elems = array->Exprs();
          if (index_val < elems->size()) {
            result = elems->at(index_val);
          }
        } else if (otype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
          operation *op = (operation *)object;
          int32_t opType = op->VpiOpType();
          if (opType == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
            VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
            if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
              result = ops->at(index_val);
              if (result->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
                if (const ref_typespec *oprt = op->Typespec()) {
                  if (const array_typespec *atps =
                          oprt->Actual_typespec<array_typespec>()) {
                    if (const ref_typespec *ert = atps->Elem_typespec()) {
                      if (const typespec *ertts = ert->Actual_typespec()) {
                        ElaboratorContext elaboratorContext(&s, false,
                                                            muteError);
                        ref_typespec *celrt =
                            (ref_typespec *)clone_tree(ert, &elaboratorContext);
                        celrt->Actual_typespec(const_cast<typespec *>(ertts));
                        celrt->VpiParent((any *)result);
                        ((operation *)result)->Typespec(celrt);
                      }
                    }
                  } else if (const packed_array_typespec *patps =
                                 oprt->Actual_typespec<
                                     packed_array_typespec>()) {
                    if (const ref_typespec *ert = patps->Elem_typespec()) {
                      if (const typespec *ertts = ert->Actual_typespec()) {
                        ElaboratorContext elaboratorContext(&s, false,
                                                            muteError);
                        ref_typespec *celrt =
                            (ref_typespec *)clone_tree(ert, &elaboratorContext);
                        celrt->Actual_typespec(const_cast<typespec *>(ertts));
                        celrt->VpiParent((any *)result);
                        ((operation *)result)->Typespec(celrt);
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
            } else if (ops) {
              bool defaultTaggedPattern = false;
              for (auto op : *ops) {
                if (op->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtagged_pattern) {
                  tagged_pattern *tp = (tagged_pattern *)op;
                  if (const ref_typespec *rt = tp->Typespec()) {
                    if (const typespec *tps = rt->Actual_typespec()) {
                      if (tps->VpiName() == "default") {
                        defaultTaggedPattern = true;
                        break;
                      }
                    }
                  }
                }
              }
              if (!defaultTaggedPattern) invalidValue = true;
            } else {
              invalidValue = true;
            }
          } else if (opType == vpiConcatOp) {
            VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
            if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
              result = ops->at(index_val);
            } else {
              invalidValue = true;
            }
          } else if (opType == vpiConditionOp) {
            expr *exp = reduceExpr(op, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
            UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE otype = exp->UhdmType();
            if (otype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
              operation *op = (operation *)exp;
              int32_t opType = op->VpiOpType();
              if (opType == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
                VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
                if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
                  object = ops->at(index_val);
                } else {
                  invalidValue = true;
                }
              } else if (opType == vpiConcatOp) {
                VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
                if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
                  object = ops->at(index_val);
                } else {
                  invalidValue = true;
                }
              }
            }
            if (object) result = object;
          } else if (opType == vpiMultiConcatOp) {
            result = reduceBitSelect(op, static_cast<uint32_t>(index_val),
                                     invalidValue, inst, pexpr);
          }
        } else if (otype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
          result = reduceBitSelect((constant *)object,
                                   static_cast<uint32_t>(index_val),
                                   invalidValue, inst, pexpr);
        }
      }
    }
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpart_select) {
    part_select *sel = (part_select *)result;
    std::string_view name = sel->VpiName();
    if (name.empty()) name = sel->VpiDefName();
    any *object = getObject(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    if (object) {
      if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(object)) {
        object = passign->Rhs();
      }
    }
    if (object == nullptr) {
      object = getValue(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    }
    if (object && (object->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant)) {
      constant *co = (constant *)object;
      std::string binary = toBinary(co);
      int64_t l = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(sel->Left_range(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));
      int64_t r = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(sel->Right_range(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));
      std::reverse(binary.begin(), binary.end());
      std::string sub;
      if (r > (int64_t)binary.size() || l > (int64_t)binary.size()) {
        sub = "0";
      } else {
        if (l > r)
          sub = binary.substr(r, l - r + 1);
        else
          sub = binary.substr(l, r - l + 1);
      }
      std::reverse(sub.begin(), sub.end());
      constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
      c->VpiValue("BIN:" + sub);
      c->VpiDecompile(sub);
      c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(sub.size()));
      c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
      result = c;
    }
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmindexed_part_select) {
    indexed_part_select *sel = (indexed_part_select *)result;
    std::string_view name = sel->VpiName();
    if (name.empty()) name = sel->VpiDefName();
    any *object = getObject(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    if (object) {
      if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(object)) {
        object = (any *)passign->Rhs();
      }
    }
    if (object == nullptr) {
      object = getValue(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    }
    if (object && (object->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant)) {
      constant *co = (constant *)object;
      std::string binary = toBinary(co);
      int64_t base = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(sel->Base_expr(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));
      int64_t offset = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(sel->Width_expr(), invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));
      std::reverse(binary.begin(), binary.end());
      std::string sub;
      if (sel->VpiIndexedPartSelectType() == vpiPosIndexed) {
        if ((uint32_t)(base + offset) <= binary.size())
          sub = binary.substr(base, offset);
      } else {
        if ((uint32_t)base < binary.size())
          sub = binary.substr(base - offset, offset);
      }
      std::reverse(sub.begin(), sub.end());
      constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
      c->VpiValue("BIN:" + sub);
      c->VpiDecompile(sub);
      c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(sub.size()));
      c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
      result = c;
    }
  } else if (objtype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmvar_select) {
    var_select *sel = (var_select *)result;
    const std::string_view name = sel->VpiName();
    any *object = getObject(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    if (object) {
      if (param_assign *passign = any_cast<param_assign *>(object)) {
        object = passign->Rhs();
      }
    }
    if (object == nullptr) {
      object = getValue(name, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    }
    bool selection = false;
    for (auto index : *sel->Exprs()) {
      uint64_t index_val = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr((expr *)index, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError));
      if (object) {
        UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE otype = object->UhdmType();
        if (otype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
          operation *op = (operation *)object;
          int32_t opType = op->VpiOpType();
          if (opType == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
            VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
            if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
              object = ops->at(index_val);
              selection = true;
            } else {
              invalidValue = true;
            }
          } else if (opType == vpiConcatOp) {
            VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
            if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
              object = ops->at(index_val);
              selection = true;
            } else {
              invalidValue = true;
            }
          } else if (opType == vpiConditionOp) {
            expr *exp =
                reduceExpr(object, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
            UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE otype = exp->UhdmType();
            if (otype == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
              operation *op = (operation *)exp;
              int32_t opType = op->VpiOpType();
              if (opType == vpiAssignmentPatternOp) {
                VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
                if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
                  object = ops->at(index_val);
                  selection = true;
                } else {
                  invalidValue = true;
                }
              } else if (opType == vpiConcatOp) {
                VectorOfany *ops = op->Operands();
                if (ops && (index_val < ops->size())) {
                  object = ops->at(index_val);
                  selection = true;
                } else {
                  invalidValue = true;
                }
              }
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
    if (object && selection) result = object;
  }
  if (result && result->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj) {
    bool invalidValueTmp = false;
    expr *tmp = reduceExpr(result, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, muteError);
    if (tmp && !invalidValueTmp) result = tmp;
  }
  return (expr *)result;
}

bool ExprEval::setValueInInstance(
    std::string_view lhs, any *lhsexp, expr *rhsexp, bool &invalidValue,
    Serializer &s, const any *inst, const any *scope_exp,
    std::map<std::string, const typespec *> &local_vars, int opType,
    bool muteError) {
  bool invalidValueI = false;
  bool invalidValueUI = false;
  bool invalidValueD = false;
  bool invalidValueB = false;
  bool opRhs = false;
  std::string_view lhsname = lhs;
  if (lhsname.empty()) lhsname = lhsexp->VpiName();
  rhsexp = reduceExpr(rhsexp, invalidValue, inst, nullptr, muteError);
  int64_t valI = get_value(invalidValueI, rhsexp);
  uint64_t valUI = get_uvalue(invalidValueUI, rhsexp);
  if (rhsexp && (rhsexp->UhdmType() == uhdmconstant)) {
    constant *t = (constant *)rhsexp;
    if (t->VpiConstType() != vpiBinaryConst) {
      invalidValueB = true;
    }
  }
  long double valD = 0;
  if (invalidValueI) {
    valD = get_double(invalidValueD, rhsexp);
  }
  uint64_t wordSize = 1;
  const std::string_view name = lhsexp->VpiName();
  if (any *object = getObject(name, inst, scope_exp, muteError)) {
    wordSize = getWordSize(any_cast<const expr *>(object), inst, scope_exp);
  }
  VectorOfparam_assign *param_assigns = nullptr;
  if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
  } else if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
    param_assigns = ((design *)inst)->Param_assigns();
    if (param_assigns == nullptr) {
      ((design *)inst)->Param_assigns(s.MakeParam_assignVec());
      param_assigns = ((design *)inst)->Param_assigns();
    }
  } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
    param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();
    if (param_assigns == nullptr) {
      const_cast<scope *>(spe)->Param_assigns(s.MakeParam_assignVec());
      param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();
    }
  }
  if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD) {
    if (lhsexp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmhier_path) {
      hier_path *path = (hier_path *)lhsexp;
      expr *object = (expr *)decodeHierPath(path, invalidValue, inst, lhsexp,
                                            ReturnType::MEMBER);
      if (object) {
        if (object->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtypespec_member) {
          typespec_member *tmp = (typespec_member *)object;
          tmp->Actual_value(rhsexp);
          return false;
        }
      }
    }
    if (param_assigns) {
      for (VectorOfparam_assign::iterator itr = param_assigns->begin();
           itr != param_assigns->end(); itr++) {
        if ((*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == lhsname) {
          param_assigns->erase(itr);
          break;
        }
      }
      param_assign *pa = s.MakeParam_assign();
      pa->Rhs(rhsexp);
      parameter *param = s.MakeParameter();
      param->VpiName(lhsname);
      pa->Lhs(param);
      param_assigns->push_back(pa);
      if (rhsexp &&
          ((rhsexp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) ||
           (rhsexp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_expr))) {
        opRhs = true;
      }
    }
  } else if (invalidValueI) {
    if (param_assigns) {
      for (VectorOfparam_assign::iterator itr = param_assigns->begin();
           itr != param_assigns->end(); itr++) {
        if ((*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == lhsname) {
          param_assigns->erase(itr);
          break;
        }
      }
      constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
      c->VpiValue("REAL:" + std::to_string((double)valD));
      c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(valD));
      c->VpiSize(64);
      c->VpiConstType(vpiRealConst);
      param_assign *pa = s.MakeParam_assign();
      pa->Rhs(c);
      parameter *param = s.MakeParameter();
      param->VpiName(lhsname);
      pa->Lhs(param);
      param_assigns->push_back(pa);
    }
  } else {
    if (param_assigns) {
      const any *prevRhs = nullptr;
      constant *c = any_cast<constant *>(rhsexp);
      if (c == nullptr) {
        c = s.MakeConstant();
        c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(valI));
        c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(valI));
        c->VpiSize(64);
        c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
      }
      if (lhsexp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation) {
        for (VectorOfparam_assign::iterator itr = param_assigns->begin();
             itr != param_assigns->end(); itr++) {
          if ((*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == lhsname) {
            prevRhs = (*itr)->Rhs();
            param_assigns->erase(itr);
            break;
          }
        }
        operation *op = (operation *)lhsexp;
        if (op->VpiOpType() == vpiConcatOp) {
          std::string rhsbinary = toBinary(c);
          std::reverse(rhsbinary.begin(), rhsbinary.end());
          VectorOfany *operands = op->Operands();
          uint64_t accumul = 0;
          for (any *oper : *operands) {
            const std::string_view name = oper->VpiName();
            uint64_t si =
                size(oper, invalidValue, inst, lhsexp, true, muteError);
            std::string part;
            for (uint64_t i = accumul; i < accumul + si; i++) {
              part += rhsbinary[i];
            }
            std::reverse(part.begin(), part.end());
            constant *c = s.MakeConstant();
            c->VpiValue("BIN:" + part);
            c->VpiDecompile(part);
            c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(part.size()));
            c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
            setValueInInstance(name, oper, c, invalidValue, s, inst, lhsexp,
                               local_vars, vpiConcatOp, muteError);
            accumul = accumul + si;
          }
        }
      } else if (lhsexp->UhdmType() ==
                 UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmindexed_part_select) {
        for (VectorOfparam_assign::iterator itr = param_assigns->begin();
             itr != param_assigns->end(); itr++) {
          if ((*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == lhsname) {
            prevRhs = (*itr)->Rhs();
            param_assigns->erase(itr);
            break;
          }
        }
        indexed_part_select *sel = (indexed_part_select *)lhsexp;
        const std::string_view name = lhsexp->VpiName();
        if (any *object = getObject(name, inst, scope_exp, muteError)) {
          std::string lhsbinary;
          const typespec *tps = nullptr;
          if (const expr *elhs = any_cast<const expr *>(object)) {
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = elhs->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
          }
          uint64_t si = size(tps, invalidValue, inst, lhsexp, true, muteError);
          if (prevRhs &&
              prevRhs->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
            const constant *prev = (constant *)prevRhs;
            lhsbinary = toBinary(prev);
            std::reverse(lhsbinary.begin(), lhsbinary.end());
          } else {
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < si; i++) {
              lhsbinary += "x";
            }
          }
          uint64_t base = get_uvalue(
              invalidValue, reduceExpr(sel->Base_expr(), invalidValue, inst,
                                       lhsexp, muteError));
          uint64_t offset = get_uvalue(
              invalidValue, reduceExpr(sel->Width_expr(), invalidValue, inst,
                                       lhsexp, muteError));
          std::string rhsbinary = toBinary(c);
          std::reverse(rhsbinary.begin(), rhsbinary.end());
          if (sel->VpiIndexedPartSelectType() == vpiPosIndexed) {
            int32_t index = 0;
            for (uint64_t i = base; i < base + offset; i++) {
              if (i < lhsbinary.size()) lhsbinary[i] = rhsbinary[index];
              index++;
            }
          } else {
            int32_t index = 0;
            for (uint64_t i = base; i > base - offset; i--) {
              if (i < lhsbinary.size()) lhsbinary[i] = rhsbinary[index];
              index++;
            }
          }
          std::reverse(lhsbinary.begin(), lhsbinary.end());
          c = s.MakeConstant();
          c->VpiValue("BIN:" + lhsbinary);
          c->VpiDecompile(lhsbinary);
          c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(lhsbinary.size()));
          c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
        }
      } else if (lhsexp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmpart_select) {
        for (VectorOfparam_assign::iterator itr = param_assigns->begin();
             itr != param_assigns->end(); itr++) {
          if ((*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == lhsname) {
            prevRhs = (*itr)->Rhs();
            param_assigns->erase(itr);
            break;
          }
        }
        part_select *sel = (part_select *)lhsexp;
        const std::string_view name = lhsexp->VpiName();
        if (any *object = getObject(name, inst, scope_exp, muteError)) {
          std::string lhsbinary;
          const typespec *tps = nullptr;
          if (const expr *elhs = any_cast<const expr *>(object)) {
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = elhs->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
          }
          uint64_t si = size(tps, invalidValue, inst, lhsexp, true, muteError);
          if (prevRhs &&
              prevRhs->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
            const constant *prev = (constant *)prevRhs;
            lhsbinary = toBinary(prev);
            std::reverse(lhsbinary.begin(), lhsbinary.end());
          } else {
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < si; i++) {
              lhsbinary += "x";
            }
          }
          uint64_t left = get_uvalue(
              invalidValue, reduceExpr(sel->Left_range(), invalidValue, inst,
                                       lhsexp, muteError));
          uint64_t right = get_uvalue(
              invalidValue, reduceExpr(sel->Right_range(), invalidValue, inst,
                                       lhsexp, muteError));
          std::string rhsbinary = toBinary(c);
          std::reverse(rhsbinary.begin(), rhsbinary.end());
          if (left > right) {
            int32_t index = 0;
            for (uint64_t i = right; i <= left; i++) {
              if (i < lhsbinary.size()) lhsbinary[i] = rhsbinary[index];
              index++;
            }
          } else {
            int32_t index = 0;
            for (uint64_t i = left; i <= right; i++) {
              if (i < lhsbinary.size()) lhsbinary[i] = rhsbinary[index];
              index++;
            }
          }
          std::reverse(lhsbinary.begin(), lhsbinary.end());
          c = s.MakeConstant();
          c->VpiValue("BIN:" + lhsbinary);
          c->VpiDecompile(lhsbinary);
          c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(lhsbinary.size()));
          c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);
        }
      } else if (lhsexp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbit_select) {
        bit_select *sel = (bit_select *)lhsexp;
        uint64_t index = get_uvalue(
            invalidValue,
            reduceExpr(sel->VpiIndex(), invalidValue, inst, lhsexp, muteError));
        const std::string_view name = lhsexp->VpiName();
        if (any *object = getObject(name, inst, scope_exp, muteError)) {
          if (object->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmparam_assign) {
            param_assign *param = (param_assign *)object;
            if (param->Rhs()->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_expr) {
              array_expr *array = (array_expr *)param->Rhs();
              VectorOfexpr *values = array->Exprs();
              values->resize(index + 1);
              (*values)[index] = rhsexp;
              return false;
            }
          }

          for (VectorOfparam_assign::iterator itr = param_assigns->begin();
               itr != param_assigns->end(); itr++) {
            if ((*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == lhsname) {
              prevRhs = (*itr)->Rhs();
              param_assigns->erase(itr);
              break;
            }
          }
          std::string lhsbinary;
          const typespec *tps = nullptr;
          if (const expr *elhs = any_cast<const expr *>(object)) {
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = elhs->Typespec()) {
              tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
            }
          }
          uint64_t si = size(tps, invalidValue, inst, lhsexp, true, muteError);
          if (prevRhs &&
              prevRhs->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant) {
            const constant *prev = (constant *)prevRhs;
            if (prev->VpiConstType() == vpiBinaryConst) {
              std::string_view val = prev->VpiValue();
              val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
              lhsbinary = val;
            } else {
              lhsbinary = NumUtils::toBinary(static_cast<int32_t>(si),
                                             get_uvalue(invalidValue, prev));
            }
            std::reverse(lhsbinary.begin(), lhsbinary.end());
          } else {
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < si; i++) {
              lhsbinary += "x";
            }
          }

          int64_t size_rhs = ((constant *)rhsexp)->VpiSize();
          if ((wordSize != 1) && (((int64_t)wordSize) < size_rhs))
            size_rhs = wordSize;
          std::string tobinary = NumUtils::toBinary(size_rhs, valUI);
          std::reverse(tobinary.begin(), tobinary.end());
          for (int32_t i = 0; i < size_rhs; i++) {
            if ((((index * size_rhs) + i) < si) &&
                (((index * size_rhs) + i) < lhsbinary.size())) {
              lhsbinary[(index * size_rhs) + i] = tobinary[i];
            }
          }
          std::reverse(lhsbinary.begin(), lhsbinary.end());
          c = s.MakeConstant();
          c->VpiValue("BIN:" + lhsbinary);
          c->VpiDecompile(lhsbinary);
          c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(lhsbinary.size()));
          c->VpiConstType(vpiBinaryConst);

          ref_typespec *rt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
          rt->Actual_typespec(const_cast<typespec *>(tps));
          rt->VpiParent(c);
          c->Typespec(rt);
        } else {
          std::map<std::string, const typespec *>::iterator itr =
              local_vars.find(std::string(lhs));
          if (itr != local_vars.end()) {
            if (const typespec *tps = itr->second) {
              if (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmarray_typespec) {
                param_assign *pa = s.MakeParam_assign();
                param_assigns->push_back(pa);
                array_expr *array = s.MakeArray_expr();
                VectorOfexpr *values = s.MakeExprVec();
                values->resize(index + 1);
                (*values)[index] = rhsexp;
                array->Exprs(values);
                pa->Rhs(array);
                parameter *param = s.MakeParameter();
                param->VpiName(lhsname);
                pa->Lhs(param);
                return false;
              }
            }
          }
        }
      } else if (lhsexp->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmhier_path) {
        hier_path *path = (hier_path *)lhsexp;
        expr *object = (expr *)decodeHierPath(path, invalidValue, inst, lhsexp,
                                              ReturnType::MEMBER);
        if (object) {
          if (object->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmtypespec_member) {
            typespec_member *tmp = (typespec_member *)object;
            tmp->Actual_value(rhsexp);
            return false;
          }
        }
      } else {
        for (VectorOfparam_assign::iterator itr = param_assigns->begin();
             itr != param_assigns->end(); itr++) {
          if ((*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == lhsname) {
            prevRhs = (*itr)->Rhs();
            param_assigns->erase(itr);
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      if (opType == vpiAddOp) {
        uint64_t prevVal = get_uvalue(invalidValue, (expr *)prevRhs);
        uint64_t newVal = valUI + prevVal;
        c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
      } else if (opType == vpiSubOp) {
        int64_t prevVal = get_value(invalidValue, (expr *)prevRhs);
        int64_t newVal = prevVal - valI;
        c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
      } else if (opType == vpiMultOp) {
        int64_t prevVal = get_value(invalidValue, (expr *)prevRhs);
        int64_t newVal = prevVal * valI;
        c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
      } else if (opType == vpiDivOp) {
        int64_t prevVal = get_value(invalidValue, (expr *)prevRhs);
        int64_t newVal = prevVal / valI;
        c->VpiValue("INT:" + std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(newVal));
        c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
      }
      if ((c->VpiSize() == -1) && (c->VpiConstType() == vpiBinaryConst)) {
        bool tmpInvalidValue = false;
        uint64_t size = ExprEval::size(lhsexp, tmpInvalidValue, inst, scope_exp,
                                       true, true);
        if (tmpInvalidValue) {
          std::map<std::string, const typespec *>::iterator itr =
              local_vars.find(std::string(lhs));
          if (itr != local_vars.end()) {
            if (const typespec *tps = itr->second) {
              tmpInvalidValue = false;
              size = ExprEval::size(tps, tmpInvalidValue, inst, scope_exp, true,
                                    true);
            }
          }
        }
        if (!tmpInvalidValue) {
          std::string bval;
          if (valUI) {
            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < size; i++) bval += "1";
          } else {
            bval = NumUtils::toBinary(size, valUI);
          }
          c->VpiValue("BIN:" + bval);
          c->VpiDecompile(bval);
          c->VpiSize(size);
        }
      }
      param_assign *pa = s.MakeParam_assign();
      pa->Rhs(c);
      parameter *param = s.MakeParameter();
      param->VpiName(lhsname);
      pa->Lhs(param);
      param_assigns->push_back(pa);
    }
  }
  if (invalidValueI && invalidValueD && invalidValueB && (!opRhs)) {
    invalidValue = true;
  }
  return invalidValue;
}

void ExprEval::evalBlock_(std::string_view funcName, Scopes &scopes,
                          bool &invalidValue, bool &continue_flag,
                          bool &break_flag, bool &return_flag,
                          VectorOfvariables *variables, VectorOfany *stmts,
                          std::map<std::string, const typespec *> &local_vars,
                          bool muteError) {
  // Variables declared in this block must shadow any same-named
  // outer variable.  `param_assigns` (where setValueInInstance stores
  // values) is keyed by name only — without explicit save/restore the
  // inner block's write would overwrite the outer scope's binding.
  VectorOfparam_assign *param_assigns = nullptr;
  if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(scopes.back()))
    param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();

  std::vector<param_assign *> saved_outer;
  std::vector<std::pair<std::string, const typespec *>> saved_local;
  if (variables && param_assigns) {
    for (auto var : *variables) {
      std::string_view vn = var->VpiName();
      // Save and remove any outer param_assign with the same name.
      for (auto itr = param_assigns->begin(); itr != param_assigns->end();
           ++itr) {
        if ((*itr)->Lhs() && (*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == vn) {
          saved_outer.push_back(*itr);
          param_assigns->erase(itr);
          break;
        }
      }
      // Save and remove any outer local_vars entry.
      auto lv_it = local_vars.find(std::string(vn));
      if (lv_it != local_vars.end()) {
        saved_local.emplace_back(lv_it->first, lv_it->second);
        local_vars.erase(lv_it);
      }
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = var->Typespec())
        local_vars.emplace(vn, rt->Actual_typespec());
    }
  }

  if (stmts) {
    for (auto bst : *stmts) {
      evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
               return_flag, scopes.back(), bst, local_vars, muteError);
      if (continue_flag || break_flag || return_flag) break;
    }
  }

  // Restore outer-scope param_assigns and local_vars.
  if (variables && param_assigns) {
    for (auto var : *variables) {
      std::string_view vn = var->VpiName();
      for (auto itr = param_assigns->begin(); itr != param_assigns->end();
           ++itr) {
        if ((*itr)->Lhs() && (*itr)->Lhs()->VpiName() == vn) {
          param_assigns->erase(itr);
          break;
        }
      }
      local_vars.erase(std::string(vn));
    }
    for (auto pa : saved_outer) param_assigns->push_back(pa);
    for (auto &kv : saved_local) local_vars.emplace(kv.first, kv.second);
  }
}

void ExprEval::evalStmt(std::string_view funcName, Scopes &scopes,
                        bool &invalidValue, bool &continue_flag,
                        bool &break_flag, bool &return_flag, const any *inst,
                        const any *stmt,
                        std::map<std::string, const typespec *> &local_vars,
                        bool muteError) {
  if (invalidValue) {
    return;
  }
  Serializer &s = *inst->GetSerializer();
  UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE stt = stmt->UhdmType();
  switch (stt) {
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmcase_stmt: {
      case_stmt *st = (case_stmt *)stmt;
      expr *cond = (expr *)st->VpiCondition();
      int64_t val = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr, muteError));
      for (case_item *item : *st->Case_items()) {
        if (VectorOfany *exprs = item->VpiExprs()) {
          bool done = false;
          for (any *exp : *exprs) {
            int64_t vexp = get_value(
                invalidValue, reduceExpr(exp, invalidValue, scopes.back(),
                                         nullptr, muteError));
            if (val == vexp) {
              evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag,
                       break_flag, return_flag, scopes.back(), item->Stmt(),
                       local_vars, muteError);
              done = true;
              break;
            }
          }
          if (done) break;
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmif_else: {
      if_else *st = (if_else *)stmt;
      expr *cond = (expr *)st->VpiCondition();
      int64_t val = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr, muteError));
      if (val > 0) {
        evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiStmt(), local_vars,
                 muteError);
      } else {
        evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiElseStmt(), local_vars,
                 muteError);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmif_stmt: {
      if_stmt *st = (if_stmt *)stmt;
      expr *cond = (expr *)st->VpiCondition();
      int64_t val = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr, muteError));
      if (val > 0) {
        evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiStmt(), local_vars,
                 muteError);
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbegin: {
      begin *st = (begin *)stmt;
      evalBlock_(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, st->Variables(), st->Stmts(), local_vars,
                 muteError);
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmnamed_begin: {
      named_begin *st = (named_begin *)stmt;
      evalBlock_(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, st->Variables(), st->Stmts(), local_vars,
                 muteError);
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmassignment: {
      assignment *st = (assignment *)stmt;
      const std::string_view lhs = st->Lhs()->VpiName();
      expr *lhsexp = st->Lhs();
      const expr *rhs = st->Rhs<expr>();
      expr *rhsexp =
          reduceExpr(rhs, invalidValue, scopes.back(), st, muteError);
      invalidValue =
          setValueInInstance(lhs, lhsexp, rhsexp, invalidValue, s, inst, stmt,
                             local_vars, st->VpiOpType(), muteError);
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmassign_stmt: {
      assign_stmt *st = (assign_stmt *)stmt;
      const std::string_view lhs = st->Lhs()->VpiName();
      expr *lhsexp = st->Lhs();
      const expr *rhs = st->Rhs();
      expr *rhsexp =
          reduceExpr(rhs, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr, muteError);
      invalidValue = setValueInInstance(lhs, lhsexp, rhsexp, invalidValue, s,
                                        inst, stmt, local_vars, 0, muteError);
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmrepeat: {
      repeat *st = (repeat *)stmt;
      const expr *cond = st->VpiCondition();
      expr *rcond =
          reduceExpr((expr *)cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr);
      int64_t val = get_value(
          invalidValue,
          reduceExpr(rcond, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr, muteError));
      if (invalidValue == false) {
        for (int32_t i = 0; i < val; i++) {
          evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                   return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiStmt(), local_vars,
                   muteError);
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmfor_stmt: {
      for_stmt *st = (for_stmt *)stmt;
      if (const any *stmt = st->VpiForInitStmt()) {
        if (stmt->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmassignment) {
          assignment *assign = (assignment *)stmt;
          if (const ref_typespec *rt = assign->Lhs()->Typespec()) {
            local_vars.emplace(assign->Lhs()->VpiName(), rt->Actual_typespec());
          }
        }
        evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiForInitStmt(), local_vars,
                 muteError);
      }
      if (st->VpiForInitStmts()) {
        for (auto s : *st->VpiForInitStmts()) {
          if (s->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmassignment) {
            assignment *assign = (assignment *)s;
            if (const ref_typespec *rt = assign->Lhs()->Typespec()) {
              local_vars.emplace(assign->Lhs()->VpiName(),
                                 rt->Actual_typespec());
            }
          }
          evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                   return_flag, scopes.back(), s, local_vars, muteError);
        }
      }
      while (1) {
        expr *cond = (expr *)st->VpiCondition();
        if (cond) {
          int64_t val = get_value(invalidValue,
                                  reduceExpr(cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(),
                                             nullptr, muteError));
          if (val == 0) {
            break;
          }
          if (invalidValue) break;
        }
        evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiStmt(), local_vars,
                 muteError);
        if (invalidValue) break;
        if (continue_flag) {
          continue_flag = false;
          continue;
        }
        if (break_flag) {
          break_flag = false;
          break;
        }
        if (return_flag) {
          break;
        }
        if (st->VpiForIncStmt()) {
          evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                   return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiForIncStmt(), local_vars,
                   muteError);
        }
        if (invalidValue) break;
        if (st->VpiForIncStmts()) {
          for (auto s : *st->VpiForIncStmts()) {
            evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                     return_flag, scopes.back(), s, local_vars, muteError);
          }
        }
        if (invalidValue) break;
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmreturn_stmt: {
      return_stmt *st = (return_stmt *)stmt;
      if (const expr *cond = st->VpiCondition()) {
        expr *rhsexp =
            reduceExpr(cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr, muteError);
        ref_obj *lhsexp = s.MakeRef_obj();
        lhsexp->VpiName(funcName);
        invalidValue =
            setValueInInstance(funcName, lhsexp, rhsexp, invalidValue, s, inst,
                               stmt, local_vars, 0, muteError);
        return_flag = true;
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmwhile_stmt: {
      while_stmt *st = (while_stmt *)stmt;
      if (const expr *cond = st->VpiCondition()) {
        while (1) {
          int64_t val = get_value(invalidValue,
                                  reduceExpr(cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(),
                                             nullptr, muteError));
          if (invalidValue) break;
          if (val == 0) {
            break;
          }
          evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                   return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiStmt(), local_vars,
                   muteError);
          if (invalidValue) break;
          if (continue_flag) {
            continue_flag = false;
            continue;
          }
          if (break_flag) {
            break_flag = false;
            break;
          }
          if (return_flag) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdo_while: {
      do_while *st = (do_while *)stmt;
      if (const expr *cond = st->VpiCondition()) {
        while (1) {
          evalStmt(funcName, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                   return_flag, scopes.back(), st->VpiStmt(), local_vars,
                   muteError);
          if (invalidValue) break;
          if (continue_flag) {
            continue_flag = false;
            continue;
          }
          if (break_flag) {
            break_flag = false;
            break;
          }
          if (return_flag) {
            break;
          }
          int64_t val = get_value(invalidValue,
                                  reduceExpr(cond, invalidValue, scopes.back(),
                                             nullptr, muteError));
          if (invalidValue) break;
          if (val == 0) {
            break;
          }
        }
      }
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmcontinue_stmt: {
      continue_flag = true;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbreak_stmt: {
      break_flag = true;
      break;
    }
    case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmoperation: {
      operation *op = (operation *)stmt;
      // ++, -- ops
      reduceExpr(op, invalidValue, scopes.back(), nullptr, muteError);
      break;
    }
    default: {
      invalidValue = true;
      if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false) {
        const std::string errMsg(inst->VpiName());
        s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNSUPPORTED_STMT, errMsg, stmt,
                            nullptr);
      }
      break;
    }
  }
}

expr *ExprEval::evalFunc(function *func, std::vector<any *> *args,
                         bool &invalidValue, const any *inst, any *pexpr,
                         bool muteError) {
  if (func == nullptr) {
    invalidValue = true;
    return nullptr;
  }
  Serializer &s = *func->GetSerializer();
  const std::string_view name = func->VpiName();
  // set internal scope stack
  Scopes scopes;
  module_inst *modinst = s.MakeModule_inst();
  modinst->VpiParent((any *)inst);
  if (const instance *pack = func->Instance()) {
    modinst->Task_funcs(pack->Task_funcs());
    modinst->Parameters(pack->Parameters());
  }
  VectorOfparam_assign *param_assigns = nullptr;
  if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmgen_scope_array) {
  } else if (inst && inst->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmdesign) {
    param_assigns = ((design *)inst)->Param_assigns();
  } else if (const scope *spe = any_cast<const scope *>(inst)) {
    param_assigns = spe->Param_assigns();
  }
  std::map<std::string, const typespec *> vars;
  if (param_assigns) {
    modinst->Param_assigns(s.MakeParam_assignVec());
    for (auto p : *param_assigns) {
      ElaboratorContext elaboratorContext(&s, false, muteError);
      any *pp = clone_tree(p, &elaboratorContext);
      modinst->Param_assigns()->push_back((param_assign *)pp);
      const typespec *tps = nullptr;
      if (const expr *lhs = any_cast<const expr *>(p->Lhs())) {
        if (const ref_typespec *rt = lhs->Typespec()) {
          tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
        }
      }
      vars.emplace(std::string(p->Lhs()->VpiName()), tps);
    }
  }
  // set args
  if (func->Io_decls()) {
    uint32_t index = 0;
    for (auto io : *func->Io_decls()) {
      if (args && (index < args->size())) {
        const std::string_view ioname = io->VpiName();
        if (io->Typespec() == nullptr) {
          ref_typespec *rt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
          rt->VpiParent(io);
          io->Typespec(rt);
        }
        if (io->Typespec()->Actual_typespec() == nullptr) {
          io->Typespec()->Actual_typespec(s.MakeLogic_typespec());
        }
        typespec *tps = io->Typespec()->Actual_typespec();
        vars.emplace(ioname, tps);
        expr *ioexp = (expr *)args->at(index);
        if (expr *exparg =
                reduceExpr(ioexp, invalidValue, modinst, pexpr, muteError)) {
          if (exparg->Typespec() == nullptr) {
            ref_typespec *crt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
            crt->VpiParent(exparg);
            exparg->Typespec(crt);
          }
          if (exparg->Typespec())
            exparg->Typespec()->Actual_typespec(tps);
          std::map<std::string, const typespec *> local_vars;
          invalidValue =
              setValueInInstance(ioname, io, exparg, invalidValue, s, modinst,
                                 func, local_vars, 0, muteError);
        }
      }
      index++;
    }
  }
  if (func->Variables()) {
    for (auto var : *func->Variables()) {
      if (const ref_typespec *rt = var->Typespec()) {
        vars.emplace(var->VpiName(), rt->Actual_typespec());
      }
    }
  }
  typespec *funcReturnTypespec = nullptr;
  if (variables *r = func->Return()) {
    if (ref_typespec *rt = r->Typespec()) {
      funcReturnTypespec = rt->Actual_typespec();
    }
  }
  if (funcReturnTypespec == nullptr) {
    funcReturnTypespec = s.MakeLogic_typespec();
  }
  modinst->Variables(s.MakeVariablesVec());
  logic_var *var = s.MakeLogic_var();
  var->VpiName(name);
  ref_typespec *frtrt = s.MakeRef_typespec();
  frtrt->VpiParent(var);
  frtrt->Actual_typespec(funcReturnTypespec);
  var->Typespec(frtrt);
  modinst->Variables()->push_back(var);
  vars.emplace(name, funcReturnTypespec);
  scopes.push_back(modinst);
  if (const any *the_stmt = func->Stmt()) {
    UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE stt = the_stmt->UhdmType();
    bool return_flag = false;
    switch (stt) {
      case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmbegin: {
        begin *st = (begin *)the_stmt;
        bool continue_flag = false;
        bool break_flag = false;
        for (auto stmt : *st->Stmts()) {
          evalStmt(name, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                   return_flag, modinst, stmt, vars, muteError);
          if (return_flag) break;
          if (continue_flag || break_flag) {
            if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false) {
              const std::string errMsg(inst->VpiName());
              s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNSUPPORTED_STMT, errMsg,
                                  stmt, nullptr);
            }
          }
        }
        break;
      }
      case UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmnamed_begin: {
        named_begin *st = (named_begin *)the_stmt;
        bool continue_flag = false;
        bool break_flag = false;
        for (auto stmt : *st->Stmts()) {
          evalStmt(name, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                   return_flag, modinst, stmt, vars, muteError);
          if (return_flag) break;
          if (continue_flag || break_flag) {
            if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false) {
              const std::string errMsg(inst->VpiName());
              s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNSUPPORTED_STMT, errMsg,
                                  stmt, nullptr);
            }
          }
        }
        break;
      }
      default: {
        bool continue_flag = false;
        bool break_flag = false;
        evalStmt(name, scopes, invalidValue, continue_flag, break_flag,
                 return_flag, modinst, the_stmt, vars, muteError);
        if (continue_flag || break_flag) {
          if (muteError == false && m_muteError == false) {
            const std::string errMsg(inst->VpiName());
            s.GetErrorHandler()(ErrorType::UHDM_UNSUPPORTED_STMT, errMsg,
                                the_stmt, nullptr);
          }
        }
        break;
      }
    }
  }
  // return value
  if (modinst->Param_assigns()) {
    for (auto p : *modinst->Param_assigns()) {
      const std::string n(p->Lhs()->VpiName());
      if ((!n.empty()) && (vars.find(n) == vars.end())) {
        invalidValue = true;
        return nullptr;
      }
    }
    for (auto p : *modinst->Param_assigns()) {
      if (p->Lhs()->VpiName() == name) {
        if (p->Rhs() &&
            (p->Rhs()->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant)) {
          constant *c = (constant *)p->Rhs();
          std::string_view val = c->VpiValue();
          if ((val.find("X") != std::string::npos) ||
              (val.find("x") != std::string::npos)) {
            invalidValue = true;
            return nullptr;
          }
        }
        if (p->Rhs() &&
            (p->Rhs()->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmref_obj)) {
          ref_obj* ref = (ref_obj *)p->Rhs(); 
          std::string_view refname = ref->VpiName();
          std::map<std::string, const typespec *>::iterator vitr = vars.find(std::string(refname));
          if (vitr != vars.end()) {
            UHDM::struct_var* structv = s.MakeStruct_var();
            UHDM::ref_typespec* rtps = s.MakeRef_typespec();
            structv->Typespec(rtps);
            rtps->Actual_typespec((typespec*) (*vitr).second);
            return structv;
          }
          for (auto p1 : *modinst->Param_assigns()) {
            if (p1->Lhs()->VpiName() == refname) {
              return (expr *)p1->Rhs();
            }
          }
        }
        const typespec *tps = nullptr;
        if (const variables *r = func->Return()) {
          if (const ref_typespec *rt = r->Typespec()) {
            tps = rt->Actual_typespec();
          }
        }
        if (tps && (tps->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmlogic_typespec)) {
          logic_typespec *ltps = (logic_typespec *)tps;
          uint64_t si = size(tps, invalidValue, inst, pexpr, true, true);
          if (p->Rhs() &&
              (p->Rhs()->UhdmType() == UHDM_OBJECT_TYPE::uhdmconstant)) {
            constant *c = (constant *)p->Rhs();
            ElaboratorContext elaboratorContext(&s, false, muteError);
            c = (constant *)clone_tree(c, &elaboratorContext);
            if (c->VpiConstType() == vpiBinaryConst) {
              std::string_view val = c->VpiValue();
              val.remove_prefix(std::string_view("BIN:").length());
              if (val.size() > si) {
                val.remove_prefix(val.size() - si);
                c->VpiValue(std::string("BIN:").append(val));
                c->VpiDecompile(val);
              } else if (ltps->VpiSigned()) {
                if (val == "1") {
                  c->VpiValue("INT:-1");
                  c->VpiDecompile("-1");
                  c->VpiConstType(vpiIntConst);
                }
              }
            } else {
              uint64_t mask = NumUtils::getMask(si);
              int64_t v = get_value(invalidValue, c);
              v = v & mask;
              c->VpiValue("UINT:" + std::to_string(v));
              c->VpiDecompile(std::to_string(v));
              c->VpiConstType(vpiUIntConst);
            }
            c->VpiSize(static_cast<int32_t>(si));
            return c;
          }
        }
        return (expr *)p->Rhs();
      }
    }
  }
  invalidValue = true;
  return nullptr;
}

std::string vPrint(any *handle) {
  if (handle == nullptr) {
    // std::cout << "NULL HANDLE\n";
    return "NULL HANDLE";
  }
  ExprEval eval;
  Serializer *s = handle->GetSerializer();
  std::stringstream out;
  eval.prettyPrint(*s, handle, 0, out);
  std::cout << out.str() << "\n";
  return out.str();
}

std::string ExprEval::prettyPrint(const any *handle) {
  if (handle == nullptr) {
    // std::cout << "NULL HANDLE\n";
    return "NULL HANDLE";
  }
  ExprEval eval;
  Serializer *s = handle->GetSerializer();
  std::stringstream out;
  eval.prettyPrint(*s, handle, 0, out);
  return out.str();
}
}  // namespace UHDM