docker: update Rust version to 1.82

[evanrittenhouse]

Fixes some CI failure where packages fail to build due to 1.81 being outdated

Successful build output:

❯ docker build --tag 'quiche' .
[+] Building 127.8s (24/24) FINISHED                                  docker:desktop-linux
 => [internal] load build definition from Dockerfile                                  0.0s
 => => transferring dockerfile: 1.43kB                                                0.0s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/martenseemann/quic-network-simulator-endp  0.1s
 => [internal] load metadata for docker.io/library/rust:1.82                         55.1s
 => [internal] load .dockerignore                                                     0.0s
 => => transferring context: 2B                                                       0.0s
 => [build  1/14] FROM docker.io/library/rust:1.82@sha256:d9c3c6f1264a547d84560e06f  56.7s
 => => resolve docker.io/library/rust:1.82@sha256:d9c3c6f1264a547d84560e06ffd79ed7a7  0.0s
 => => sha256:8bc6ea9985d6735252067a2041e797c0dedef261a9695671fa4 64.35MB / 64.35MB  14.7s
 => => sha256:d9c3c6f1264a547d84560e06ffd79ed7a799ce0bff0980b26cf10d 7.75kB / 7.75kB  0.0s
 => => sha256:33580ebd9ce59225f0f73cd4f88d8ea2236bd9fe5d0867c913e16a 1.94kB / 1.94kB  0.0s
 => => sha256:26c3caeab5385e95f830d82c2c67f953a5f4838073395ecfd2ff6a 4.51kB / 4.51kB  0.0s
 => => sha256:1a3f1864ec54b1398987bbe673e93d8b09842ecd51e86ab87d6 49.59MB / 49.59MB  18.8s
 => => sha256:464f864cfaa846fbe1b8a889827404e18374f805d29d77c288a8 23.60MB / 23.60MB  5.3s
 => => sha256:9cbd322119a1fd6eb9df75f74273f9136ccdf6317336352e6 202.68MB / 202.68MB  42.1s
 => => sha256:11fb464f40e4004f5fff10a919bcd33153996e0ec882130f7 256.01MB / 256.01MB  53.8s
 => => extracting sha256:1a3f1864ec54b1398987bbe673e93d8b09842ecd51e86ab87d64857b70d  1.4s
 => => extracting sha256:464f864cfaa846fbe1b8a889827404e18374f805d29d77c288a813ae8c4  0.4s
 => => extracting sha256:8bc6ea9985d6735252067a2041e797c0dedef261a9695671fa4ef7891a9  1.6s
 => => extracting sha256:9cbd322119a1fd6eb9df75f74273f9136ccdf6317336352e605b41d5e5c  4.0s
 => => extracting sha256:11fb464f40e4004f5fff10a919bcd33153996e0ec882130f780f84b38a6  2.9s
 => [quiche-qns 1/4] FROM docker.io/martenseemann/quic-network-simulator-endpoint:la  0.0s
 => [internal] load build context                                                     0.3s
 => => transferring context: 929.32kB                                                 0.3s
 => CACHED [quiche-qns 2/4] WORKDIR /quiche                                           0.0s
 => CACHED [quiche-qns 3/4] RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y wait-for-it &&   0.0s
 => [build  2/14] WORKDIR /build                                                      1.1s
 => [build  3/14] COPY Cargo.toml ./                                                  0.0s
 => [build  4/14] COPY apps/ ./apps/                                                  0.0s
 => [build  5/14] COPY buffer-pool ./buffer-pool/                                     0.0s
 => [build  6/14] COPY datagram-socket/ ./datagram-socket/                            0.0s
 => [build  7/14] COPY h3i/ ./h3i/                                                    0.0s
 => [build  8/14] COPY octets/ ./octets/                                              0.0s
 => [build  9/14] COPY qlog/ ./qlog/                                                  0.0s
 => [build 10/14] COPY quiche/ ./quiche/                                              0.3s
 => [build 11/14] COPY task-killswitch ./task-killswitch/                             0.0s
 => [build 12/14] COPY tokio-quiche ./tokio-quiche/                                   0.0s
 => [build 13/14] RUN apt-get update && apt-get install -y cmake && rm -rf /var/lib/  4.5s
 => [build 14/14] RUN cargo build --release --manifest-path apps/Cargo.toml          35.6s
 => [quiche-qns 4/4] COPY --from=build      /build/target/release/quiche-client       0.1s
 => exporting to image                                                                0.2s
 => => exporting layers                                                               0.2s
 => => writing image sha256:a7d3d2b51c5deece17541093a02fbb8171f9ca213f52ffca150c2efd  0.0s
 => => naming to docker.io/library/quiche                                             0.0s