feat: Add component filter to badges

[spalmurray-codecov]

Adds a component filter for our coverage badge.

Closes codecov/engineering-team#3223

Examples
Gazebo total:

https://stage-web.codecov.dev/github/codecov/gazebo/graph/badge.svg?token=DUTYQE693J&precision=2

Gazebo Pages component (by name):

https://stage-web.codecov.dev/github/codecov/gazebo/graph/badge.svg?token=DUTYQE693J&precision=2&component=Pages

Gazebo Pages component (by id):

https://stage-web.codecov.dev/github/codecov/gazebo/graph/badge.svg?token=DUTYQE693J&precision=2&component=dir_pages

(and I have confirmed these are correct lol)

[sentry-autofix]

✅ Sentry found no issues in your recent changes ✅

[codecov]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

Project coverage is 96.31%. Comparing base (6e6d2be) to head (277c9d3).

✅ All tests successful. No failed tests found.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1216   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   96.31%   96.31%           
=======================================
  Files         492      492           
  Lines       16805    16823   +18     
=======================================
+ Hits        16185    16203   +18     
  Misses        620      620           

Flag	Coverage Δ
unit	96.31% <100.00%> (+<0.01%)	⬆️

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[codecov-notifications]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests ✅

✅ All tests successful. No failed tests found.

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