feat(async): add withPermit method to Semaphore

[aaronz0]

This is a common API pattern found in many concurrency libraries. It provides a highly convenient way to return the result of a protected task directly as an expression, entirely removing the boilerplate of manual semaphore management.

Usage Example:

const sem = new Semaphore(2);
const result = await sem.withPermit(async () => {
  return "task completed";
});

[CLAassistant]

All committers have signed the CLA.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 94.56%. Comparing base (cdf74a8) to head (52fa022).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main    #7180      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   94.57%   94.56%   -0.01%     
==========================================
  Files         636      637       +1     
  Lines       52142    52154      +12     
  Branches     9401     9401              
==========================================
+ Hits        49315    49322       +7     
- Misses       2249     2254       +5     
  Partials      578      578              

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