EPCIS is not a centralised database

pages/docs/EPCIS-and-CBV-for-Automotive-Manufacturing.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ As technology becomes increasingly intertwined with manufacturing processes, it
 
 EPCIS is an open standard that enables businesses to capture and share data about product movement and location across the supply chain. The framework is built on a suite of web services, enabling systems to interact with each other seamlessly. EPCIS utilizes Electronic Product Codes (EPCs) which are unique identifiers for products that can be read by both humans and machines.
 
-This creates a centralized system tracking the journey of goods from start to finish, regardless of the location, providing visibility into the whereabouts of goods at any given stage. This allows manufacturers to optimize their supply chain and manage it effectively with minimal delays.
+This creates an interoperable system tracking the journey of goods from start to finish, regardless of the location, providing visibility into the whereabouts of goods at any given stage. This allows manufacturers to optimize their supply chain and manage it effectively with minimal delays.
 
 ## What is CBV?
 

pages/docs/EPCIS-and-CBV:-An-Introduction-to-Serialized-Data.md

@@ -14,13 +14,13 @@ At its core, EPCIS is a standardized way to describe events that occur in the su
 
 ## How Does EPCIS Work?
 
-EPCIS works by capturing data at various points in the supply chain and storing it in a centralized database. This database can be accessed by authorized parties to track the movement and status of products.
+EPCIS works by capturing data at various points in the supply chain and storing it in one or more databases (centralised or decentralised). Such databases can be accessed by authorized parties to track the movement and status of products.
 
 To understand how EPCIS works, let's take a look at an example. Imagine a company that produces and distributes widgets. The company uses RFID tags to track the location of their widgets as they move through the supply chain.
 
 When a widget is received at a warehouse, an EPCIS event is created that includes information about the location, time, and status of the widget. As the widget is moved to different locations, additional EPCIS events are created to document its movement. When the widget is ultimately sold to a customer, a final EPCIS event is created to document the sale.
 
-All of these EPCIS events are stored in a centralized database, known as an EPCIS repository. Authorized parties can access this repository to track the movement and status of widgets in real-time.
+All of these EPCIS events are exchanged using interoperable standardised formats and can be stored in one or more databases, known as EPCIS repositories. Authorized parties can access this repository to track the movement and status of widgets in real-time.
 
 ## What is CBV?
 

pages/docs/EPCIS-and-its-Role-in-Supply-Chain-Management-for-Chemical-Companies.md

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ In this blog post, we'll explore EPCIS and its role in supply chain management f
 
 EPCIS is an open standard that helps enhance supply chain visibility by providing a standardized language for describing the movement and status of products as they go through the supply chain. It is based on the Electronic Product Code (EPC) technology, which utilizes RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) and other tracking technologies to capture, store and share data about product movements.
 
-The EPCIS system serves as a centralized database, collecting and managing all product-related information captured by the tracking technologies along the supply chain. This includes data on product manufacturing, packaging, shipping, storage, and distribution. The information is then used to provide a complete picture of the products' lifecycle, facilitating real-time visibility, and allowing for better decision-making.
+The EPCIS system supports interoperable data exchange, collecting and managing all product-related information captured by the tracking technologies along the supply chain. This includes data on product manufacturing, packaging, shipping, storage, and distribution. The information is then used to provide a complete picture of the products' lifecycle, facilitating real-time visibility, and allowing for better decision-making.
 
 EPCIS provides numerous benefits, including:
 
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ Furthermore, the EPCIS system can help chemical companies improve their operatio
 
 ## EPCIS Implementation Challenges
 
-One of the biggest challenges associated with the adoption of EPCIS is the cost of implementation. Chemical companies will need to invest in tracking technologies, such as RFID tags and readers, and the necessary software to ensure that the tracked data is centralized and accessible.
+One of the biggest challenges associated with the adoption of EPCIS is the cost of implementation. Chemical companies will need to invest in tracking technologies, such as RFID tags and readers, and the necessary software to ensure that the tracked data is interoperable and accessible.
 
 Another challenge is interoperability. While the EPCIS standard provides a common language for product tracking, there is a need for the interoperability of different EPCIS systems implemented by various companies. This is critical for ensuring that companies are not collecting redundant data and that the information collected is exchangeable and can be used to gain insights across the supply chain.
 

pages/docs/EPCIS-vs-RFID:-What's-the-Difference-and-How-They-Work-Together.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ RFID stands for "Radio-Frequency Identification". It is a wireless technology th
 
 RFID can operate in two different modes: passive and active. Passive RFID tags do not have their own power source, and instead rely on the power from the RFID reader to transmit data. Active RFID tags, on the other hand, have their own power source and can transmit data over longer distances.
 
-RFID tags can be scanned by RFID readers, which capture the data from the tag and transmit it to a centralized database or system. RFID technology provides companies with an efficient and accurate way to track and trace products throughout the supply chain.
+RFID tags can be scanned by RFID readers, which capture the data from the tag and transmit it to a database or information system. RFID technology provides companies with an efficient and accurate way to track and trace products throughout the supply chain.
 
 ## How do EPCIS and RFID work together?
 

pages/docs/EPCIS:-A-Complete-Guide-to-Understanding-Its-Functionality-and-Use.md

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ At its core, EPCIS is a messaging approach that allows different applications to
 
 EPCIS messages can be sent in real-time, using message-oriented middleware (MOM) or web services. The EPCIS standard defines a set of interfaces that enable different applications to interact with the EPCIS middleware. These interfaces are known as EPCIS events, and they provide a common method for exchanging information between different systems.
 
-EPCIS events can be generated by any RFID-enabled component along the supply chain, including RFID readers, handheld scanners, and even mobile devices. Once the events are generated, they are sent to the EPCIS middleware, which processes and stores them in a centralized repository. This allows different applications to access the data and use it for their own purposes.
+EPCIS events can be generated by any RFID-enabled component along the supply chain, including RFID readers, handheld scanners, and even mobile devices. Once the events are generated, they are sent to the EPCIS middleware, which processes and stores them in an event repository. This allows different applications to access the data and use it for their own purposes.
 
 ## Why Use EPCIS?
 

pages/docs/EPCIS:-The-Key-to-Achieving-a-Faster-and-More-Efficient-Supply-Chain-Process.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ EPCIS is designed to help businesses answer the key questions of who, what, when
 
 EPCIS works by creating a standardized format for sharing information about products and their movement across the supply chain. This information is captured using RFID or barcodes and encoded into electronic Product Code (EPC) tags. These EPC tags are then scanned at various points in the supply chain, creating a digital trail of the product's movement.
 
-EPCIS captures information such as the product's location, the date and time it was scanned, and any changes to its physical state, such as temperature or humidity levels. This information is then stored in a centralized database where it can be accessed by authorized parties across the supply chain.
+EPCIS captures information such as the product's location, the date and time it was scanned, and any changes to its physical state, such as temperature or humidity levels. This information is then stored in a database where it can be accessed by authorized parties across the supply chain.
 
 EPCIS also supports serialization, which assigns a unique identifier to each individual product. This enables businesses to track each product's movement throughout the supply chain, providing greater visibility and accountability.
 

pages/docs/From-farm-to-table:-tracking-food-safety-in-the-supply-chain-with-EPCIS-technology.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ Electronic Product Code Information Services (EPCIS) is a global standard for ca
 
 ## How EPCIS Works
 
-EPCIS technology utilizes unique identification codes (UIDs) for each product, which are stored in a centralized database. This allows businesses to track the movement of their products throughout the supply chain, including information about the product's origin, production process, and storage conditions. EPCIS also offers a standardized way of sharing this information with other businesses, which promotes collaboration and transparency along the supply chain.
+EPCIS technology utilizes unique identification codes (UIDs) for each product, which are stored in a database. This allows businesses to track the movement of their products throughout the supply chain, including information about the product's origin, production process, and storage conditions. EPCIS also offers a standardized way of sharing this information with other businesses, which promotes collaboration and transparency along the supply chain.
 
 ## Benefits of Using EPCIS for Food Safety
 

pages/docs/The-role-of-EPCIS-in-improving-supply-chain-customer-experience.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ Before we dive into the role of EPCIS in improving supply chain customer experie
 
 EPCIS stands for Electronic Product Code Information System. It is a standard developed by GS1, a global organization that provides standards for the supply chain industry. EPCIS allows businesses to track products as they move through the supply chain, enabling them to see where a product is at any given time.
 
-EPCIS works by using unique identification numbers called Electronic Product Codes (EPCs) to track products. Each product has a specific EPC, which is scanned and recorded at each point in the supply chain. This data is then stored in a centralized database, which can be accessed by authorized partners and customers.
+EPCIS works by using unique identification numbers called Electronic Product Codes (EPCs) to track products. Each product has a specific EPC, which is scanned and recorded at each point in the supply chain. This data is then stored in a database, which can be accessed by authorized partners and customers.
 
 EPCIS provides businesses with real-time visibility into their supply chain. They can quickly identify and address issues that could lead to delays or errors, improving efficiency and reducing costs.
 

pages/docs/The-role-of-EPCIS-in-securing-supply-chain-data-privacy-and-confidentiality.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ The EPCIS standard defines a common data model for events, including information
 
 One of the key benefits of the EPCIS standard is that it provides a standardized framework for data exchange across the supply chain. This standardization enables greater interoperability among different systems, and it also ensures that data is consistently formatted and structured. This consistency makes it easier to secure supply chain data, as security tools can be optimized for a standardized format.
 
-Another way that EPCIS helps to ensure data privacy and confidentiality is through the use of access controls. Access controls can be implemented through the use of EPCIS middleware or an EPCIS repository. Middleware is a software layer that sits between the data source and the data receiver, and it can be configured to restrict access to sensitive data. An EPCIS repository is a centralized database that stores event data and provides access controls based on user roles.
+Another way that EPCIS helps to ensure data privacy and confidentiality is through the use of access controls. Access controls can be implemented through the use of EPCIS middleware or an EPCIS repository. Middleware is a software layer that sits between the data source and the data receiver, and it can be configured to restrict access to sensitive data. An EPCIS repository is a database that stores event data and provides access controls based on user roles.
 
 EPCIS also supports encryption of data in transit and at rest. Encryption ensures that data is protected against unauthorized access or interception. Data encryption can be implemented at various points in the supply chain, including between trading partners or during data transfer between systems.
 

pages/docs/Understanding-EPCIS-and-Its-Potential-in-Improving-Transparent-Supply-Chain-Operations.md

@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ At a high level, EPCIS works by capturing and sharing supply chain event data in
 
 To capture this data, EPCIS uses a variety of data capture technologies, including RFID tags, barcodes, and QR codes. These technologies allow businesses to attach unique identifiers to individual products or shipments, which can then be used to track their movement through the supply chain.
 
-Once this data has been captured, it is stored in a centralized EPCIS repository, where it can be easily accessed and shared by businesses across the supply chain. By providing a standard format for sharing supply chain event data, EPCIS enables businesses to streamline their supply chain operations, improve visibility into their inventory and assets, and make faster, more informed decisions.
+Once this data has been captured, it is stored in an EPCIS repository, where it can be easily accessed and shared by businesses across the supply chain. By providing a standard format for sharing supply chain event data, EPCIS enables businesses to streamline their supply chain operations, improve visibility into their inventory and assets, and make faster, more informed decisions.
 
 ## Why is EPCIS Valuable?
 

pages/docs/What-is-EPCIS-and-how-does-it-work-in-the-Supply-Chain.md

@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ The capture tier is responsible for capturing information about the movement of
 
 ### **Repository**
 
-Once the information has been captured, it is stored within a repository. The repository serves as a centralized database that contains information about the movement of products across the supply chain. This information can be accessed by authorized parties to track and trace products as they move across the supply chain.
+Once the information has been captured, it is stored within a repository. The repository serves as a database that contains information about the movement of products across the supply chain. This information can be accessed by authorized parties to track and trace products as they move across the supply chain.
 
 ### **Query**
 

pages/docs/Why-EPCIS-is-Crucial-For-Successful-Supply-Chain-and-Business-Operations.md

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ EPCIS is designed to provide end-to-end visibility into supply chain operations,
 
 EPCIS relies on a standardized data model that allows businesses to capture and share information about the movement of goods across the supply chain. This information is typically captured using RFID tags or other automatic identification technologies, which are attached to products or packaging throughout the supply chain.
 
-As products move through the supply chain, data is automatically collected and transmitted to a centralized EPCIS database. This database can be accessed by authorized stakeholders across the supply chain, who can use this information to track the movement of goods, identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies, and optimize operations accordingly.
+As products move through the supply chain, data is automatically collected and transmitted to an EPCIS database. This database can be accessed by authorized stakeholders across the supply chain, who can use this information to track the movement of goods, identify bottlenecks and inefficiencies, and optimize operations accordingly.
 
 ## The Benefits of EPCIS