Fix BEAM crash from from port/NIF thread

[dotsimon]

This patch prevents non-scheduler threads from crashing the emulator.
Fixes #8208

[github-actions]

CT Test Results

    3 files    141 suites   49m 25s ⏱️
1 602 tests 1 553 ✅ 49 💤 0 ❌
2 311 runs  2 242 ✅ 69 💤 0 ❌

Results for commit 698fe88.

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// Erlang/OTP Github Action Bot

[sverker]

Rebased onto OTP-23.3.4 + 184634a which is mergeable to all newer release branches.

Also tweaked solution with a global atomic to get some "randomness".

[dotsimon]

The sample I attached to #8208 (and now it is actually attached!) includes a rudimentary benchmark. There's a lot of variance in the results but they seem to consistently be a few % slower with Sverker's tweak. And in that simple test there is also no contention for the new atomic which I imagine would further degrade performance.
So how important is that "randomness"?

[sverker]

What if you change erts_sched_local_random_nosched_state to an Uint and just do

rand_state = erts_sched_local_random_nosched_state++;

[dotsimon]

If something like this was what you had in mind then it was about the same.

[jhogberg]

Given that the random number is used to pick a random pivot element in quicksort, performance is expected to vary as a result of this change, and the consistently worse performance might just be bad luck (or rather, very good luck with the original implementation always returning a good constant).

[sverker]

@dotsimon Forgot about this PR. Now rebased into one commit and push to your repo.

The base branch was changed.