[actuator] Add TimeBasedActuatorBase, migrate TimeBasedCover (cover/valve refactor 3/5)

[exciton]

Cover/Valve Actuator Refactor — PR Series

Step	PR	Title	Depends on
1/5	#3	[actuator] Add shared actuator base component	—
2/5	#4	[actuator] Add EndstopActuatorBase, migrate EndstopCover	Step 1 (#3)
3/5	#5	[actuator] Add TimeBasedActuatorBase, migrate TimeBasedCover	Step 1 (#3)
4/5	#6	[valve] Add endstop_valve platform	Step 2 (#4)
5/5	#7	[valve] Add time_based_valve platform	Step 3 (#5)

Merge order: #3 → #4 and #5 (parallel) → #6 and #7 (parallel)

This PR: Step 3/5

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What does this implement/fix?

Extracts the time-based cover logic into a new reusable TimeBasedActuatorBase in the actuator component, then migrates TimeBasedCover to use it. This enables the time_based_valve platform (step 5/5) to reuse the same logic without duplication.

New actuator::TimeBasedActuatorBase (Component):

• Full time-based logic: loop(), control(), position recompute, open/close/stop triggers
• Supports has_built_in_endstop, manual_control, and assumed_state configuration
• Holds an IActuator* pointer — works with any entity implementing IActuator (cover or valve)
• No diamond inheritance: inherits only Component

TimeBasedCover migrated:

• Now inherits TimeBasedActuatorBase + Cover (thin wrapper, constructor calls set_actuator(this))
• get_traits() uses get_assumed_state() from the base
• control() bridges to TimeBasedActuatorBase::control() via safe static_cast
• Deprecation pragma suppressions removed (deprecated names were already eliminated in step 1)

Types of changes

• Bugfix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to not work as expected)
• Other

Related issue or feature (if applicable): fixes

Pull request in esphome-docs with documentation (if applicable): N/A — no user-facing changes

Test Environment

• ESP32
• ESP32 IDF
• ESP8266
• RP2040
• BK72xx
• RTL87xx

Example entry for config.yaml:

No new YAML keys. Existing time_based cover configs continue to work unchanged.

cover:
  - platform: time_based
    name: "My Cover"
    open_action:
      - switch.turn_on: open_switch
    close_action:
      - switch.turn_on: close_switch
    stop_action:
      - switch.turn_off: open_switch
    open_duration: 25s
    close_duration: 23s

Checklist:

• The code change is tested and works locally.
• Tests have been added to verify that the new code works (under tests/ folder).

If user exposed functionality or configuration variables are added/changed:

• Documentation added/updated in esphome-docs.

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Generated by Claude Code

[github-actions]

Memory Impact Analysis

Components: time_based
Platform: esp8266-ard

Metric	Target Branch	This PR	Change
RAM	28,760 bytes	28,760 bytes	➡️ +0 bytes (0.00%)
Flash	268,643 bytes	268,723 bytes	📈 🔸 +80 bytes (+0.03%)

📊 Component Memory Breakdown

Component	Target Flash	PR Flash	Change
[esphome]time_based	1,479 bytes	1,579 bytes	📈 🚨 +100 bytes (+6.76%)
[esphome]core	7,284 bytes	7,276 bytes	📉 ✅ -8 bytes (-0.11%)

🔍 Symbol-Level Changes (click to expand)

Changed Symbols

Symbol	Target Size	PR Size	Change
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::control(esphome::cover::CoverCall const&)	363 bytes	6 bytes	📉 -357 bytes (-98.35%)
setup	469 bytes	461 bytes	📉 -8 bytes (-1.71%)
time_based__time_based_cover__pstorage	92 bytes	96 bytes	📈 +4 bytes (+4.35%)
vtable for esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover	104 bytes	100 bytes	📉 -4 bytes (-3.85%)

New Symbols (top 15)

Symbol	Size
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase::control_(esphome::actuator::ActuatorCallBase const&)	440 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase::recompute_position_()	207 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase::loop()	143 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase::start_direction_(esphome::actuator::ActuatorOperation)	125 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase::is_at_target_() const	95 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase::setup()	69 bytes
vtable for esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase	48 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedActuatorBase::stop_prev_trigger_()	41 bytes
non-virtual thunk to esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::get_traits()	15 bytes
non-virtual thunk to esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::control(esphome::cover::CoverCall const&)	9 bytes

Removed Symbols (top 15)

Symbol	Size
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::setup()	196 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::recompute_position_()	154 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::loop()	128 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::start_direction_(esphome::actuator::ActuatorOperation)	113 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::is_at_target_() const	70 bytes
esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::stop_prev_trigger_()	43 bytes
non-virtual thunk to esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::loop()	9 bytes
non-virtual thunk to esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::dump_config()	9 bytes
non-virtual thunk to esphome::time_based::TimeBasedCover::setup()	9 bytes

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Note: This analysis measures static RAM and Flash usage only (compile-time allocation).
Dynamic memory (heap) cannot be measured automatically.
⚠️ You must test this PR on a real device to measure free heap and ensure no runtime memory issues.

This analysis runs automatically when components change. Memory usage is measured from a representative test configuration.