chroma-key-video

Real-time green/blue-screen keying for HTML video, in the browser. Point it at any flat green-screen video — a file URL, a <video> element, or a MediaStream. Get back a per-pixel transparent canvas. Composite it over anything on the page.

Zero dependencies. One ES module file, no build step. Works with any framework or none.
Unlimited concurrent players. All instances share one WebGL context (browsers cap live contexts at ~8-16), each blitting to its own lightweight 2D canvas.
Robust keying. Dominant-channel classification with a continuous alpha ramp and spill suppression — no exact key color needed, survives codec color drift, removes green fringe from hair and edges.
Works everywhere. WebGL with an automatic Canvas2D (CPU) fallback running the identical math, plus WebGL context-loss recovery.
Optional edge dissolve. Blur + bottom vignette + top/bottom alpha fades that make a keyed presenter read as part of the page instead of a video rectangle.
Auto-tune. Derives minKey/bias/softness from the footage itself — once on the first frame or continuously as lighting changes — via a tiny sandboxed plugin system you can extend.

Install

Straight from jsDelivr, no install or build step — it mirrors this repo directly:

<script type="module">
  import { ChromaKeyVideo } from 'https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/kaltura/chroma-key-video/src/chromakey.js';
</script>

Pin a version for production (@v1.2.0 instead of unpinned) so a new release can't change behavior under you.

Quick start

<script type="module">
  import { ChromaKeyVideo } from './src/chromakey.js';

  const player = new ChromaKeyVideo('avatar-greenscreen.mp4', {
    videoAttributes: { muted: true, loop: true, autoplay: true, playsInline: true, crossOrigin: 'anonymous' },
  });
  player.mount(document.querySelector('#stage'));
  player.play();
</script>

Or as a custom element (style-isolated via closed shadow DOM):

<script type="module">
  import { defineChromaKeyVideoElement } from './src/chromakey.js';
  defineChromaKeyVideoElement();
</script>

<chroma-key-video src="avatar-greenscreen.mp4" autoplay loop muted edge-dissolve></chroma-key-video>

The output canvas behaves like an <img>. Give it a CSS size, or let it default to the video's aspect ratio, and position it anywhere. The render buffer follows the canvas's layout box × devicePixelRatio, capped by maxPixelRatio.

API

`new ChromaKeyVideo(source, options?)`

`source`	Behavior
`string` URL	Library creates a `<video>` (configured by `options.videoAttributes`). Cross-origin URLs need CORS headers — frames are read into a canvas.
`HTMLVideoElement`	Used as-is; you keep control of playback and lifecycle.
`MediaStream`	Webcam, `canvas.captureStream()`, WebRTC — attached via `srcObject`.

Options (defaults shown)

Option	Default	Live?	Description
`channel`	`'green'`	no	Key channel: `'green'` or `'blue'`.
`minKey`	`36`	yes	Floor (0-255) the key channel must exceed to key.
`bias`	`0.96`	yes	Ratio the key channel must beat each other channel by.
`softness`	`28`	yes	Width of the partial-alpha edge ramp. Higher = softer.
`spill`	`0.45`	yes	Base strength of key-color cast removal on non-keyed edge pixels; ramps to full removal for strong casts.
`autoTune`	`false`	no	Fit `minKey`/`bias`/`softness` to the footage: `true` (once, on the first frame) or `'adaptive'` (continuous).
`edgeDissolve`	`false`	yes	Enable blur + vignette + fade edge treatment.
`fadeTop`	`0.05`	yes	Top alpha fade, as a fraction of height (edgeDissolve only).
`fadeBottom`	`0.18`	yes	Bottom alpha fade fraction (edgeDissolve only).
`blurStrength`	`0.85`	yes	Blurred-copy mix near the bottom (edgeDissolve only).
`desaturate`	`0.35`	yes	Desaturation toward luma near the bottom (edgeDissolve only).
`cssFade`	`true`	yes	Redundant CSS `mask-image` bottom fade on the canvas (edgeDissolve only).
`maxPixelRatio`	`2`	yes	Cap on devicePixelRatio for the render buffer.
`forceCanvas2D`	`false`	no	Force the CPU backend (testing / diagnostics).
`maxCPUPixels`	`262144`	yes	Pixel budget for the CPU fallback (frames downscale to fit).
`videoAttributes`	see source	no	Attributes for a library-created `<video>` (URL/stream sources).

Members

Member	Description
`.canvas`	The transparent output `<canvas>`. Style/place it yourself or use `mount()`.
`.video`	The underlying `<video>` element.
`.backend`	`'webgl'` \| `'canvas2d'` \| `null` (before first frame).
`.frameCount`	Frames rendered so far.
`.isDestroyed`	`true` after `destroy()`.
`.mount(parent)`	Append the canvas to `parent`. Returns `this`.
`.update(partial)`	Change options live; applies next frame (immediately when paused).
`.play()` / `.pause()`	Control the underlying video.
`.renderFrame()`	Render the current frame once (e.g. after seeking while paused).
`.autoTune(opts?)`	Analyze the current frame and fit `minKey`/`bias`/`softness`. Returns `{ok, params, backgroundFraction, applied}`.
`.sampleFrame(opts?)`	Downscaled `ImageData` of the current source frame (or `null`).
`.use(plugin)`	Attach a plugin (see Plugins). Returns `this`.
`.unuse(name)`	Detach a plugin by name. Returns `true` if it was attached.
`.destroy({removeCanvas})`	Stop and release everything (plugins detach first). Last instance releases the shared GL context.
`ChromaKeyVideo.isWebGLAvailable()`	Static capability check.

Events (`EventTarget`)

Event	`detail`	When
`backend`	`'webgl'` \| `'canvas2d'`	Backend decided or changed (e.g. context loss).
`started`	—	First frame rendered.
`error`	underlying error	Video load failure, tainted canvas (missing CORS), etc.
`autotune`	the `autoTune()` result object	Every auto-tune run (manual, option, or plugin).
`pluginerror`	`{plugin, error}`	A plugin hook threw; the plugin was detached, the player keeps running.

`<chroma-key-video>` element

defineChromaKeyVideoElement(tagName?) registers the element.

Source: either a slotted <video> child or the src attribute. A slotted <video> takes precedence over src when both are present, and can be any source the video element itself supports — file, MediaStream, WebRTC, hls.js/dash.js-attached, etc.:
```
<chroma-key-video auto-tune><video id="my-live-video"></video></chroma-key-video>
```
The slotted video is caller-owned: autoplay/loop/muted/crossorigin have no effect on it (configure it directly), and it's never paused or cleared by destroy()/disconnection. Swapping the slotted <video> at runtime rebuilds the player against the new source.
Attributes: src, autoplay, loop, muted, channel, min-key, bias, softness, spill, edge-dissolve, auto-tune (empty = once, "adaptive" = continuous), fade-top, fade-bottom, max-pixel-ratio.
Numeric attributes update live.
The underlying player is exposed as element.player.

Auto-tune

minKey, bias, and softness depend on the footage: how saturated the screen is, how evenly it's lit, how much the codec drifted the color. Auto-tune measures that instead of guessing.

Downsamples the current frame (~9K pixels, ~3 ms per run including the GPU readback).
Finds the key-dominant background population.
Derives the three parameters from its percentiles.

spill is left alone — it's a taste setting.

Three ways to use it:

// 1. One-shot, whenever you like:
player.autoTune();                       // → {ok, params, backgroundFraction, applied}

// 2. At construction — tune once on the first frame:
new ChromaKeyVideo(src, { autoTune: true });

// 3. Continuous — re-tune as the video plays (lighting changes, scene cuts):
new ChromaKeyVideo(src, { autoTune: 'adaptive' });
// or with control over cadence and smoothing:
import { autoTunePlugin } from './src/chromakey.js';
player.use(autoTunePlugin({ adaptive: true, interval: 1500, smoothing: 0.5 }));

Adaptive runs blend into the current values using an exponential moving average (smoothing = weight of the old value). They skip the update entirely when the change is below visibility thresholds. A static scene converges, then costs only the analysis — no re-renders.

Every run fires an autotune event with the result. {ok: false, reason} reports one of:

'not-ready'
'unreadable' — tainted canvas
'no-background' — under 2% of pixels look like a key screen; current settings are left untouched

Plugins

The plugin system exists so optional behavior (like auto-tune) stays out of the render path until you ask for it — and so your extensions can't break the player.

player.use({
  name: 'fps-probe',
  attach(ctx)        { ctx.every(1000, () => console.log(ctx.getOptions())); },
  frame(ctx, info)   { /* runs after each rendered frame: {frameCount, backend, width, height} */ },
  detach(ctx)        { /* cleanup beyond timers/listeners, which are automatic */ },
});
player.unuse('fps-probe');

Plugins never touch the player instance. They get a frozen ctx facade:

`ctx` member	Description
`video`, `canvas`, `backend`, `isDestroyed`	Read-only accessors to the live values.
`getOptions()`	Copy of the current options.
`update(partial)`, `autoTune(opts)`, `sampleFrame(opts)`, `requestRender()`	The player's public surface.
`every(ms, fn)`	Managed interval — auto-cleared on detach/destroy. Returns a cancel function.
`on(type, fn, opts)`	Managed player-event listener — auto-removed on detach/destroy. Returns an off function.
`emit(type, detail)`	Dispatch a CustomEvent on the player (namespace your own event types).

Isolation and cost:

A throw in any hook detaches that plugin, fires pluginerror, and leaves the player and other plugins running.
Timers and listeners a plugin registered through ctx are cleaned up automatically on detach and on destroy().
With no plugins attached the per-frame overhead is a single Map.size check — zero allocation, zero calls.
Plugins are plain functions running with the page's privileges: only attach code you trust, same as any script you include.

How the keying works

Each pixel is classified by how much the key channel dominates the other two, not by distance from a fixed key color:

sat = (maxChannel - minChannel) / maxChannel
dom = key - max(otherA, otherB)

keyed when: key is the max channel, key > minKey, key > otherA*bias,
            key > otherB*bias, sat > 0.08, dom > 2

alpha = 1 - clamp((dom - 2) / max(8, softness*0.55) + (sat - 0.08)*1.8, 0, 1)

Keyed pixels are fully despilled: the key channel is clamped to the max of the other two. Partially keyed edge pixels then composite without a green halo.

Pixels that fail the keying gate but still carry a key cast (dom > 4, key > 40) get partial spill removal instead:

dom * min(max(1, spill), spill * (1 + dom/32)) is subtracted from the key channel.
Faint casts are reduced by the spill fraction — a taste setting.
The removal fraction ramps up to a full clamp as the cast grows.

This ramp is for mixed hair/screen pixels — strands thin enough that a pixel is part hair, part screen. They're too dark to pass the keying gate but still carry a strong cast; a constant removal fraction would leave them visibly green.

The trade-off is standard for keyers: a genuinely green foreground object gets desaturated toward its other channels.

With edgeDissolve, the keyed layer also runs through:

A separable 9-tap Gaussian blur, mixed in by a bottom-anchored vignette with desaturation toward luma.
Explicit top/bottom alpha fade ramps.
A redundant CSS mask fade.

Architecture

video frame ──▶ shared WebGL engine (one hidden context for the whole page)
                 ├─ key pass (per-channel compiled program)
                 ├─ [edgeDissolve] horizontal blur ─▶ composite (vertical blur
                 │    inline + vignette + desaturate + fades)
                 └─ blit ──▶ per-instance 2D display canvas (the .canvas you see)

WebGL unavailable / context lost ──▶ Canvas2D fallback (identical per-pixel math,
                                     capped resolution, no blur/vignette)

Render loop uses requestVideoFrameCallback (once per presented frame, idle while paused/hidden) with a requestAnimationFrame fallback.
Paused/seeked frames render via loadeddata/seeked listeners; ResizeObserver re-renders on layout changes.
On webglcontextlost the CPU fallback takes over; on restore, programs recompile and instances return to the GPU automatically.

Browser support

Everything evergreen: Chrome/Edge, Firefox, Safari 15.4+ (including iOS). The library needs <canvas> and uses WebGL 1 when present. Devices without WebGL fall back to the CPU path automatically.

Testing & CI

npm install
npm test              # e2e + real-footage suite (22 tests)
npm run bench         # performance benchmark (Chromium) -> bench-results.json
npm run bench:all     # benchmark on Chromium + Firefox + WebKit
npm run check         # syntax check + bundle size budget gate

E2E suite (Playwright, headless Chromium with SwiftShader). Generates synthetic green/blue-screen test patterns via canvas.captureStream() and renders them through the library. Asserts on output pixels:

Transparency, ramp alpha, spill values.
WebGL↔Canvas2D parity, 12 concurrent instances, edge fades, orientation, destroy semantics.
The custom element and the encoded-URL source path.
Plugin lifecycle and error isolation.
One-shot and adaptive auto-tune, including convergence and the auto-tune element attribute.

Real-footage suite (test/footage.spec.js). Runs three short 720p h264 clips of presenters over a green screen, committed in test/assets/ so CI stays offline:

Two studio talking-head clips, plus a stress clip with long wind-blown hair — loose flying strands and green bounce light on the skin, the classic hard keying case. Sourced from Pixabay under the Pixabay Content License.
Both backends are exercised.
Real footage carries codec noise, uneven lighting, hair detail, and soft shadows the synthetic patterns can't, so assertions are statistical: after seeking to a fixed frame and auto-tuning, background margins are fully transparent, the face and body are fully opaque, transparent/opaque population fractions are in range, and the fraction of visible pixels keeping a strong green cast stays under a per-clip ceiling — 0.5% for the studio clips, 0.05% for the hair stress clip.

Benchmark (test/bench.spec.js, measurement logic in test/bench-core.js). Runs on a synthetic 720p source by default, so it stays offline.

Measures per-frame render cost (WebGL key pass, edgeDissolve, Canvas2D fallback), autoTune() cost, sustained fps for 1×720p and 12 concurrent players, and main-thread jank.
BENCH_SRC=test/assets/greenscreen-hair.mp4 npm run bench runs it on real footage instead.
Fails only on order-of-magnitude regressions — ceilings are sized for SwiftShader.
Absolute numbers land in bench-results{-firefox,-webkit}{-footage}.json and, on GitHub Actions, the job summary.
npm run bench:all runs the same suite on Chromium, Firefox, and WebKit — one Playwright project per engine.

Size gate (scripts/check-size.mjs). Minifies the whole library with esbuild and enforces budgets: 24 KB minified, 8 KB gzip. Raising a budget is a deliberate edit in the same commit as the feature that needs it.

.github/workflows/ci.yml runs all of the above on every push and PR: syntax check → size gate → e2e tests → benchmark (results uploaded as an artifact).

Benchmark your device

Open the bench page on any device — phone, tablet, laptop. Hit Run benchmark.

Runs the exact same measurement suite as CI: synthetic pattern and/or the real hair footage.
Takes ~30 seconds per source.

Then hit Share results. This opens a prefilled GitHub issue with your numbers as JSON.

A bot validates the submission and adds your device to DEVICES.md, the community leaderboard.
The issue closes automatically.
No account data beyond what your browser exposes — user agent, GPU renderer string, core count — is collected.

Observed numbers

All rows below key a 1280x720 buffer.

"Key ms" / "+Dissolve ms" / "CPU ms" are per-frame render cost.
"fps x12" is the per-player range with 12 concurrent instances running at once.

Across engines, same machine (M3 Pro, macOS), synthetic source, npm run bench:all:

Engine	GPU / backend	Key ms	+Dissolve ms	CPU ms	autoTune ms	fps x1	fps x12	Jank /120
Firefox	Apple M1, or similar (real GPU)	4.56	4.48	8.27	0.40	17.4	17.5 each	1
WebKit	Apple GPU (real GPU)	3.14	3.37	2.00	0.95	27.5	18.5-19 each	1
Chromium (headless)	ANGLE/SwiftShader (software)	13.6	32.0	2.21	0.86	30.4	20 each	0

Headless Chromium has no real GPU attached — it falls back to the SwiftShader software rasterizer. That's why its key/dissolve costs run higher than Firefox and WebKit's real-GPU numbers above. On real hardware, Chromium is otherwise the fastest engine (see the next table).

Across environments, real hair-footage clip vs. the synthetic source, showing why CI's regression ceilings are set generously:

Environment	GPU	Key ms	+Dissolve ms	CPU ms	autoTune ms	fps x1	fps x12	Jank /120
Real Chrome, real GPU (M3 Pro, footage)	ANGLE Metal, Apple M3 Pro	1.04	1.59	5.89	4.05	24	24-24.5	0 (worst 18.6ms)
Headless Chromium, SwiftShader (M3 Pro, footage)	ANGLE/SwiftShader (software)	10.96	29.66	3.91	6.67	24	17.5-24.5	73 (worst 51.6ms)
GitHub Actions hosted runner, SwiftShader (2-core, synthetic)	ANGLE/SwiftShader (software)	61.06	153.48	5.05	3.20	9.5	11 each	120 (worst 100.1ms)

A real device with real GPU access renders 10-50x faster than the weakest CI runner. That's why test/bench.spec.js's gates are sized off the hosted-runner numbers, not the local ones. They only need to catch genuine regressions, not runner-to-runner variance.

More devices, browsers, and real footage vs. synthetic comparisons accumulate in DEVICES.md as people run the bench page and share results.

Demo

Live at kaltura.github.io/chroma-key-video/demo, or locally:

npm run serve
# open http://localhost:4173/demo/

The demo includes:

An animated synthetic green-screen presenter.
Live tuning sliders and an edge-dissolve toggle.
An Auto-tune button with an adaptive checkbox — the sliders follow the derived values.
A URL input for your own footage.

License

MIT

Name		Name	Last commit message	Last commit date
.github		.github
demo		demo
scripts		scripts
src		src
test		test
.gitignore		.gitignore
DEVICES.md		DEVICES.md
LICENSE		LICENSE
README.md		README.md
bench-results-devices.jsonl		bench-results-devices.jsonl
package-lock.json		package-lock.json
package.json		package.json
playwright.config.js		playwright.config.js

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chroma-key-video

Install

Quick start

API

`new ChromaKeyVideo(source, options?)`

Options (defaults shown)

Members

Events (`EventTarget`)

`<chroma-key-video>` element

Auto-tune

Plugins

How the keying works

Architecture

Browser support

Testing & CI

Benchmark your device

Observed numbers

Demo

License

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chroma-key-video

Install

Quick start

API

new ChromaKeyVideo(source, options?)

Options (defaults shown)

Members

Events (EventTarget)

<chroma-key-video> element

Auto-tune

Plugins

How the keying works

Architecture

Browser support

Testing & CI

Benchmark your device

Observed numbers

Demo

License

About

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`new ChromaKeyVideo(source, options?)`

Events (`EventTarget`)

`<chroma-key-video>` element