Herptiles

I'll continue with the complete list, starting from the beginning. I'll break it into multiple messages to ensure all details are included.

Complete Herptile Species Catalog - Part 1

Class Amphibia

Order Anura (Frogs and Toads)

Family Ranidae (True Frogs)

1. Rana pipiens (Northern Leopard Frog)

   • Range: North America
   • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates, crustaceans
   • Status: Least Concern
   • Description: Medium-sized spotted frog known for its distinctive calls and importance in biological research.

2. Rana temporaria (Common European Frog)

   • Range: Europe
   • Diet: Insects, slugs, worms
   • Status: Least Concern
   • Description: Highly adaptable frog found in various habitats from gardens to mountains.

3. Rana catesbeiana (American Bullfrog)

   • Range: Eastern North America, introduced worldwide
   • Diet: Insects, fish, small mammals, other frogs
   • Status: Least Concern
   • Description: Largest North American frog, known for its deep "jug-o-rum" call.

4. Rana aurora (Northern Red-legged Frog)

   • Range: Pacific Northwest North America
   • Diet: Insects, small invertebrates
   • Status: Near Threatened
   • Description: Medium-sized frog with distinctive red underside of legs.

5. Rana sylvatica (Wood Frog)

   • Range: North America
   • Diet: Insects, small invertebrates
   • Status: Least Concern
   • Description: Remarkable ability to survive freezing of up to 65% of its body water during winter.

Family Dendrobatidae (Poison Dart Frogs)

6. Dendrobates tinctorius (Dyeing Poison Frog)

   • Range: Northern South America
   • Diet: Small arthropods, mainly ants
   • Status: Least Concern
   • Description: Strikingly colored frog with complex social behaviors and parental care.

7. Oophaga pumilio (Strawberry Poison Frog)

   • Range: Central America
   • Diet: Tiny arthropods
   • Status: Least Concern
   • Description: Tiny, brightly colored frog with remarkable color variations between populations.

8. Phyllobates terribilis (Golden Poison Frog)

   • Range: Colombia
   • Diet: Small insects
   • Status: Endangered
   • Description: Most toxic vertebrate known, with enough poison to kill multiple adult humans.

9. Dendrobates auratus (Green and Black Poison Dart Frog)

   • Range: Central and South America
   • Diet: Small insects
   • Status: Least Concern
   • Description: Popular terrarium species known for its metallic green coloration.

10. Ranitomeya imitator (Mimic Poison Frog)

    • Range: Peru
    • Diet: Tiny arthropods
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Exhibits remarkable mimicry of other poison frog species' color patterns.

Family Bufonidae (True Toads)

11. Bufo bufo (Common Toad)

    • Range: Europe, Asia
    • Diet: Insects, worms, slugs
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Large warty toad with strong homing instinct during breeding season.

12. Anaxyrus americanus (American Toad)

    • Range: Eastern North America
    • Diet: Insects, other small invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Common garden species known for its trilling call and consumption of pest insects.

13. Rhinella marina (Cane Toad)

    • Range: South and Central America, introduced to Australia
    • Diet: Any small animal they can swallow
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Notorious invasive species known for its size and toxic secretions.

14. Bufo alvarius (Colorado River Toad)

    • Range: Southwestern United States, Northwestern Mexico
    • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Large toad known for its potent defensive toxins.

15. Bufo viridis (European Green Toad)

    • Range: Europe, Asia
    • Diet: Insects, small invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Distinguished by its bright green spots on a light background.

Family Hylidae (Tree Frogs)

16. Litoria caerulea (Australian Green Tree Frog)

    • Range: Australia, New Guinea
    • Diet: Insects, smaller frogs
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Beloved Australian species known for its docile nature and emerald green coloration.

17. Hyla arborea (European Tree Frog)

    • Range: Europe, parts of Asia
    • Diet: Flying insects
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Small, bright green frog with excellent climbing abilities.

18. Osteopilus septentrionalis (Cuban Tree Frog)

    • Range: Caribbean, introduced to Florida
    • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates including other frogs
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Large tree frog known as an invasive species in Florida.

19. Agalychnis callidryas (Red-eyed Tree Frog)

    • Range: Central America
    • Diet: Insects, small invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Iconic species known for its vibrant colors and red eyes.

20. Pseudacris crucifer (Spring Peeper)

    • Range: Eastern North America
    • Diet: Small insects
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Tiny frog known for its loud peeping calls that herald spring.

Order Caudata (Salamanders and Newts)

Family Salamandridae (True Salamanders and Newts)

21. Salamandra salamandra (Fire Salamander)

    • Range: Europe, North Africa
    • Diet: Invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Striking black and yellow pattern serves as warning coloration.

22. Triturus cristatus (Great Crested Newt)

    • Range: Europe
    • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Large newt with distinctive breeding display and crest in males.

23. Pleurodeles waltl (Spanish Ribbed Newt)

    • Range: Iberian Peninsula, North Africa
    • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, small fish
    • Status: Near Threatened
    • Description: Can push its ribs through its skin as a defense mechanism.

24. Cynops pyrrhogaster (Japanese Fire Belly Newt)

    • Range: Japan
    • Diet: Worms, insects, small crustaceans
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Popular pet species with bright orange-red ventral coloration.

25. Taricha torosa (California Newt)

    • Range: California
    • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Produces potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin as defense.

Family Plethodontidae (Lungless Salamanders)

26. Plethodon cinereus (Red-backed Salamander)

    • Range: Eastern North America
    • Diet: Small invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Most abundant salamander in northern forests.

27. Desmognathus fuscus (Northern Dusky Salamander)

    • Range: Eastern North America
    • Diet: Small aquatic invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Semi-aquatic species often found near mountain streams.

28. Eurycea lucifuga (Cave Salamander)

    • Range: Eastern United States
    • Diet: Cave invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Orange-colored salamander adapted to cave environments.

29. Hydromantes italicus (Italian Cave Salamander)

    • Range: Italy
    • Diet: Cave-dwelling invertebrates
    • Status: Near Threatened
    • Description: Can project its tongue up to 80% of its body length to catch prey.

30. Bolitoglossa mexicana (Mexican Mushroom-tongue Salamander)

    • Range: Central America
    • Diet: Small invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Arboreal salamander with specialized toe pads for climbing.

Family Ambystomatidae (Mole Salamanders)

31. Ambystoma mexicanum (Axolotl)

    • Range: Mexico City lake system
    • Diet: Fish, invertebrates, small amphibians
    • Status: Critically Endangered
    • Description: Neotenic salamander that retains larval features throughout adulthood.

32. Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger Salamander)

    • Range: North America
    • Diet: Insects, worms, small vertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: One of the largest terrestrial salamanders in North America.

33. Ambystoma maculatum (Spotted Salamander)

    • Range: Eastern North America
    • Diet: Insects, worms, spiders
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Known for its annual mass migrations to breeding ponds.

34. Ambystoma opacum (Marbled Salamander)

    • Range: Eastern United States
    • Diet: Invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Unique among its genus for fall breeding and terrestrial egg laying.

35. Ambystoma jeffersonianum (Jefferson Salamander)

    • Range: Northeastern North America
    • Diet: Small invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Early spring breeder often emerging while snow still covers the ground.

Order Gymnophiona (Caecilians)

36. Ichthyophis glutinosus (Yellow-striped Caecilian)

    • Range: South Asia
    • Diet: Earthworms, termites
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Legless amphibian with distinctive yellow stripe along its length.

37. Typhlonectes natans (Rubber Eel)

    • Range: Northern South America
    • Diet: Small aquatic invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Aquatic caecilian that gives birth to live young.

38. Hypogeophis rostratus (Seychelles Caecilian)

    • Range: Seychelles Islands
    • Diet: Earthworms, termites
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Specialized for burrowing with reduced eyes and sensory tentacles.

39. Siphonops annulatus (Ringed Caecilian)

    • Range: South America
    • Diet: Earthworms, termites
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Common species known for its maternal care behavior.

40. Praslinia cooperi (Cooper's Caecilian)

    • Range: Seychelles
    • Diet: Small invertebrates
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: One of the few caecilian species restricted to island habitats.

Class Reptilia

Order Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)

Family Varanidae (Monitor Lizards)

41. Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon)

    • Range: Indonesian islands
    • Diet: Large mammals, carrion
    • Status: Endangered
    • Description: World's largest lizard with sophisticated hunting strategies and venomous bite.

42. Varanus salvator (Asian Water Monitor)

    • Range: South and Southeast Asia
    • Diet: Fish, crustaceans, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Highly adaptable large lizard often found near human settlements.

43. Varanus niloticus (Nile Monitor)

    • Range: Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Diet: Fish, eggs, small vertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Semi-aquatic monitor known for raiding crocodile nests.

44. Varanus acanthurus (Spiny-tailed Monitor)

    • Range: Australia
    • Diet: Insects, small lizards
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Small monitor with distinctive spiny tail used for defense.

45. Varanus albigularis (Rock Monitor)

    • Range: Southern and Eastern Africa
    • Diet: Invertebrates, small vertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Powerful digger that uses its snout as a shovel.

Family Agamidae (Dragon Lizards)

46. Pogona vitticeps (Central Bearded Dragon)

    • Range: Central Australia
    • Diet: Omnivorous - insects, vegetation
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Popular pet species known for its spiky appearance and color-changing abilities.

47. Chlamydosaurus kingii (Frilled Dragon)

    • Range: Northern Australia, Southern New Guinea
    • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Famous for its large frill around its neck that expands when threatened.

48. Hydrosaurus pustulatus (Philippine Sailfin Lizard)

    • Range: Philippines
    • Diet: Omnivorous - fruits, leaves, insects
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: Large, semi-aquatic lizard with distinctive sail-like crests.

49. Agama agama (Common Agama)

    • Range: Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Diet: Insects, plant matter
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Males display brilliant blue and red coloration during breeding season.

50. Uromastyx aegyptia (Egyptian Spiny-tailed Lizard)

    • Range: North Africa, Middle East
    • Diet: Mainly herbivorous
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: Heavily built lizard adapted to extreme desert conditions.

Family Iguanidae (Iguanas)

51. Iguana iguana (Green Iguana)

    • Range: Central and South America
    • Diet: Herbivorous - leaves, fruits, flowers
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Large arboreal lizard capable of dropping from great heights into water when threatened.

52. Cyclura cornuta (Rhinoceros Iguana)

    • Range: Caribbean Islands
    • Diet: Herbivorous - leaves, fruits, flowers
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: Large iguana with distinctive horn-like scales on its snout.

53. Amblyrhynchus cristatus (Marine Iguana)

    • Range: Galápagos Islands
    • Diet: Marine algae
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: Only marine lizard in the world, can dive up to 30 meters deep to feed.

54. Ctenosaura similis (Black Spiny-tailed Iguana)

    • Range: Central America
    • Diet: Omnivorous - plants, insects, small animals
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Fast-running iguana with distinctive black and white banded tail.

55. Sauromalus ater (Common Chuckwalla)

    • Range: Southwestern United States, Mexico
    • Diet: Herbivorous
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Inflates body to wedge itself in rock crevices when threatened.

Family Gekkonidae (Geckos)

56. Gekko gecko (Tokay Gecko)

    • Range: Southeast Asia
    • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Large, vocal gecko known for its loud "to-kay" call.

57. Phelsuma madagascariensis (Madagascar Day Gecko)

    • Range: Madagascar
    • Diet: Insects, nectar, fruit
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Bright green diurnal gecko often depicted in advertising.

58. Eublepharis macularius (Leopard Gecko)

    • Range: Central and South Asia
    • Diet: Insects, arachnids
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Popular pet species known for its docile nature and eyelids.

59. Hemidactylus frenatus (Common House Gecko)

    • Range: South and Southeast Asia, introduced worldwide
    • Diet: Insects
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Highly successful colonizing species found worldwide in tropical regions.

60. Rhacodactylus leachianus (New Caledonian Giant Gecko)

    • Range: New Caledonia
    • Diet: Omnivorous - fruits, insects, small vertebrates
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: Largest gecko species in the world, known for its vocal capabilities.

Family Chamaeleonidae (Chameleons)

61. Chamaeleo calyptratus (Veiled Chameleon)

    • Range: Yemen, Saudi Arabia
    • Diet: Insects, leaves
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Known for its large casque and extreme color-changing abilities.

62. Furcifer pardalis (Panther Chameleon)

    • Range: Madagascar
    • Diet: Insects
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Exhibits some of the most vibrant color variations of any reptile.

63. Bradypodion thamnobates (Natal Midlands Dwarf Chameleon)

    • Range: South Africa
    • Diet: Small insects
    • Status: Near Threatened
    • Description: Small chameleon species with remarkable color-changing capabilities.

64. Trioceros jacksonii (Jackson's Chameleon)

    • Range: East Africa
    • Diet: Insects
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Males have three distinctive horns on their head.

65. Brookesia minima (Minute Leaf Chameleon)

    • Range: Madagascar
    • Diet: Tiny insects
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: One of the smallest reptiles in the world.

Family Viperidae (Vipers)

66. Crotalus atrox (Western Diamondback Rattlesnake)

    • Range: Southwestern United States, Mexico
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Iconic rattlesnake responsible for many snakebites in North America.

67. Bitis gabonica (Gaboon Viper)

    • Range: Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Has the longest fangs of any snake and largest venom yield.

68. Vipera berus (European Common Adder)

    • Range: Europe, Asia
    • Diet: Small mammals, lizards
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Most widespread snake species in the world.

69. Agkistrodon contortrix (Copperhead)

    • Range: Eastern United States
    • Diet: Small mammals, insects, amphibians
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Known for its distinctive hourglass pattern and copper-colored head.

70. Bothrops asper (Fer-de-lance)

    • Range: Central and South America
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Responsible for most snakebites in its range.

Family Colubridae (Typical Snakes)

71. Pantherophis guttatus (Corn Snake)

    • Range: Eastern United States
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Popular pet snake known for its docile nature and beautiful patterns.

72. Lampropeltis getula (Common Kingsnake)

    • Range: United States, Mexico
    • Diet: Other snakes, lizards, rodents
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Known for its immunity to pit viper venom.

73. Natrix natrix (Grass Snake)

    • Range: Europe, Asia
    • Diet: Amphibians, fish
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Semi-aquatic snake that plays dead when threatened.

74. Thamnophis sirtalis (Common Garter Snake)

    • Range: North America
    • Diet: Amphibians, fish, earthworms
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: One of the most widespread snake species in North America.

75. Opheodrys vernalis (Smooth Green Snake)

    • Range: North America
    • Diet: Insects, spiders
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Small, bright green snake specialized for hunting insects.

Family Elapidae (Cobras, Coral Snakes, and Relatives)

76. Naja naja (Indian Cobra)

    • Range: Indian subcontinent
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Iconic hooding display and cultural significance in India.

77. Micrurus fulvius (Eastern Coral Snake)

    • Range: Southeastern United States
    • Diet: Other snakes, lizards
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Brightly colored with potent neurotoxic venom.

78. Dendroaspis polylepis (Black Mamba)

    • Range: Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Fastest moving snake in Africa with highly potent venom.

79. Pseudonaja textilis (Eastern Brown Snake)

    • Range: Australia
    • Diet: Small mammals, reptiles
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Fast-moving, highly venomous snake responsible for many fatalities.

80. Ophiophagus hannah (King Cobra)

    • Range: South and Southeast Asia
    • Diet: Other snakes
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: Longest venomous snake in the world, known for nest-building behavior.

Family Pythonidae (Pythons)

81. Python reticulatus (Reticulated Python)

    • Range: Southeast Asia
    • Diet: Mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Longest snake species in the world.

82. Python molurus (Indian Python)

    • Range: Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia
    • Diet: Mammals, birds
    • Status: Near Threatened
    • Description: Heavy-bodied snake known for its aggressive feeding response.

83. Morelia viridis (Green Tree Python)

    • Range: New Guinea, Australia
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Arboreal species famous for its color change from yellow juvenile to green adult.

84. Antaresia childreni (Children's Python)

    • Range: Australia
    • Diet: Small mammals, lizards
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Small python species named after John George Children.

85. Python sebae (African Rock Python)

    • Range: Sub-Saharan Africa
    • Diet: Mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Africa's largest snake, known for taking large prey.

Family Boidae (Boas)

86. Boa constrictor (Red-tailed Boa)

    • Range: Central and South America
    • Diet: Mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Popular pet snake known for its diverse color patterns.

87. Eunectes murinus (Green Anaconda)

    • Range: South America
    • Diet: Large mammals, birds, reptiles
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Heaviest snake species in the world.

88. Epicrates cenchria (Rainbow Boa)

    • Range: Central and South America
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Known for its iridescent sheen and beautiful coloration.

89. Corallus caninus (Emerald Tree Boa)

    • Range: Amazon Basin
    • Diet: Small mammals, birds
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Bright green arboreal snake with distinctive white markings.

90. Candoia aspera (New Guinea Ground Boa)

    • Range: New Guinea, Solomon Islands
    • Diet: Small mammals, lizards
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Small, terrestrial boa with keeled scales.

Family Scincidae (Skinks)

91. Tiliqua scincoides (Blue-tongued Skink)

    • Range: Australia
    • Diet: Omnivorous
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Large skink known for its bright blue tongue used in defense.

92. Eumeces fasciatus (Five-lined Skink)

    • Range: North America
    • Diet: Insects, spiders
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Juveniles have bright blue tails that can detach to escape predators.

93. Corucia zebrata (Solomon Islands Skink)

    • Range: Solomon Islands
    • Diet: Leaves, fruits
    • Status: Vulnerable
    • Description: Largest known skink species, uniquely adapted to herbivory.

94. Mabuya multifasciata (Common Sun Skink)

    • Range: Southeast Asia
    • Diet: Insects, small invertebrates
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Active forager known for basking in sunny spots.

95. Chalcides ocellatus (Ocellated Skink)

    • Range: Mediterranean region
    • Diet: Insects, spiders
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Adaptable species with reduced limbs.

Family Lacertidae (Wall Lizards and Relatives)

96. Lacerta viridis (European Green Lizard)

    • Range: Europe
    • Diet: Insects, spiders
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Bright green lizard common in Mediterranean regions.

97. Podarcis muralis (Common Wall Lizard)

    • Range: Europe
    • Diet: Insects, spiders
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Highly adaptable lizard often found on walls and buildings.

98. Zootoca vivipara (Viviparous Lizard)

    • Range: Europe, Asia
    • Diet: Insects, spiders
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: One of few lizards that gives birth to live young.

99. Gallotia stehlini (Gran Canaria Giant Lizard)

    • Range: Canary Islands
    • Diet: Omnivorous
    • Status: Least Concern
    • Description: Largest of the Canary Island lizards.

100. Timon lepidus (Ocellated Lizard)

     • Range: Southwestern Europe
     • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Large, colorful lizard with distinctive ocelli (eyespots) on its sides.

Family Xenosauridae (Knob-scaled Lizards)

101. Xenosaurus grandis (Knob-scaled Lizard)
     • Range: Mexico
     • Diet: Insects, small invertebrates
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Flattened body adapted for living in rock crevices.

Family Teiidae (Whiptails and Tegus)

102. Salvator merianae (Argentine Black and White Tegu)

     • Range: South America
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Large, intelligent lizard with excellent problem-solving abilities.

103. Aspidoscelis sexlineata (Six-lined Racerunner)

     • Range: United States
     • Diet: Insects, spiders
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Fast-running lizard with distinctive striped pattern.

104. Tupinambis teguixin (Gold Tegu)

     • Range: South America
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Large tegu species known for its foraging behavior.

105. Kentropyx calcarata (Striped Forest Whiptail)

     • Range: Amazon Basin
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Agile lizard specialized for forest floor hunting.

Order Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises)

Family Testudinidae (Tortoises)

106. Geochelone elegans (Indian Star Tortoise)

     • Range: South Asia
     • Diet: Herbivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Beautiful star pattern on shell, popular in pet trade.

107. Aldabrachelys gigantea (Aldabra Giant Tortoise)

     • Range: Aldabra Atoll
     • Diet: Herbivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: One of the largest tortoises in the world.

108. Testudo hermanni (Hermann's Tortoise)

     • Range: Southern Europe
     • Diet: Herbivorous
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Popular pet species with distinctive yellow-black shell pattern.

109. Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise)

     • Range: Southeastern United States
     • Diet: Herbivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Keystone species that creates burrows used by many other animals.

110. Chelonoidis nigra (Galápagos Giant Tortoise)

     • Range: Galápagos Islands
     • Diet: Herbivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Famous for its role in Darwin's theory of evolution.

Family Emydidae (Box and Water Turtles)

111. Terrapene carolina (Eastern Box Turtle)

     • Range: Eastern United States
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Can completely close its shell for protection.

112. Chrysemys picta (Painted Turtle)

     • Range: North America
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Most widespread native turtle of North America.

113. Trachemys scripta (Red-eared Slider)

     • Range: United States, introduced worldwide
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Popular pet species often released into non-native habitats.

114. Emys orbicularis (European Pond Turtle)

     • Range: Europe, Western Asia
     • Diet: Carnivorous
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Europe's only widespread native freshwater turtle.

115. Malaclemys terrapin (Diamondback Terrapin)

     • Range: Eastern United States coastal areas
     • Diet: Mollusks, crustaceans
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Only turtle species adapted to live in brackish water.

Family Cheloniidae (Sea Turtles)

116. Chelonia mydas (Green Sea Turtle)

     • Range: Tropical and subtropical oceans worldwide
     • Diet: Herbivorous as adults
     • Status: Endangered
     • Description: Largest hard-shelled sea turtle, named for green fat under shell.

117. Caretta caretta (Loggerhead Sea Turtle)

     • Range: Worldwide temperate and tropical waters
     • Diet: Carnivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Named for its exceptionally large head.

118. Eretmochelys imbricata (Hawksbill Sea Turtle)

     • Range: Tropical oceans worldwide
     • Diet: Sponges, sea anemones
     • Status: Critically Endangered
     • Description: Known for its beautiful shell pattern used in traditional crafts.

119. Lepidochelys olivacea (Olive Ridley Sea Turtle)

     • Range: Tropical and warm waters worldwide
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Known for mass nesting events called arribadas.

120. Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherback Sea Turtle)

     • Range: All oceans
     • Diet: Jellyfish
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Largest of all living turtles, lacks bony shell.

Family Trionychidae (Softshell Turtles)

121. Apalone spinifera (Spiny Softshell Turtle)

     • Range: North America
     • Diet: Carnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Fast swimmer with snorkel-like nose.

122. Pelodiscus sinensis (Chinese Softshell Turtle)

     • Range: East Asia
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Commonly farmed for food in Asia.

123. Trionyx triunguis (African Softshell Turtle)

     • Range: Africa, Middle East
     • Diet: Carnivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Large softshell species with extensive range.

124. Chitra indica (Narrow-headed Softshell Turtle)

     • Range: South Asia
     • Diet: Fish, mollusks
     • Status: Endangered
     • Description: Specialized head shape for catching fish in river systems.

125. Lissemys punctata (Indian Flapshell Turtle)

     • Range: South Asia
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Can close its shell using moveable flaps.

Order Crocodilia (Crocodilians)

Family Alligatoridae (Alligators and Caimans)

126. Alligator mississippiensis (American Alligator)

     • Range: Southeastern United States
     • Diet: Fish, mammals, birds
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Conservation success story, recovered from near extinction.

127. Caiman crocodilus (Spectacled Caiman)

     • Range: Central and South America
     • Diet: Fish, invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Most abundant crocodilian species.

128. Melanosuchus niger (Black Caiman)

     • Range: Amazon Basin
     • Diet: Fish, mammals
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Largest predator in the Amazon ecosystem.

129. Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman)

     • Range: South America
     • Diet: Fish, invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Smallest species of crocodilian.

130. Alligator sinensis (Chinese Alligator)

     • Range: Eastern China
     • Diet: Fish, invertebrates
     • Status: Critically Endangered
     • Description: Highly endangered species with bony plates under scales.

Family Crocodylidae (True Crocodiles)

131. Crocodylus niloticus (Nile Crocodile)

     • Range: Africa
     • Diet: Fish, mammals, birds
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Largest predator in Africa.

132. Crocodylus porosus (Saltwater Crocodile)

     • Range: Indo-Pacific region
     • Diet: Fish, mammals, birds
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Largest living reptile and most dangerous crocodilian.

133. Crocodylus acutus (American Crocodile)

     • Range: Americas
     • Diet: Fish, crustaceans
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Only crocodile native to North America.

134. Osteolaemus tetraspis (Dwarf Crocodile)

     • Range: West Africa
     • Diet: Fish, crustaceans
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Smallest true crocodile species.

135. Crocodylus rhombifer (Cuban Crocodile)

     • Range: Cuba
     • Diet: Fish, small mammals
     • Status: Critically Endangered
     • Description: Known for hunting in coordinated groups.

Family Gavialidae (Gharials)

136. Gavialis gangeticus (Gharial)
     • Range: Indian subcontinent
     • Diet: Fish
     • Status: Critically Endangered
     • Description: Specialized thin snout for catching fish.

Order Amphisbaenia (Worm Lizards)

137. Blanus cinereus (Mediterranean Worm Lizard)

     • Range: Iberian Peninsula
     • Diet: Insects, larvae
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Legless lizard adapted for burrowing.

138. Amphisbaena alba (White Worm Lizard)

     • Range: South America
     • Diet: Insects, worms
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Large amphisbaenian with powerful head for burrowing.

139. Trogonophis wiegmanni (Checkerboard Worm Lizard)

     • Range: North Africa
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Distinctive checkered pattern on scales.

140. Bipes biporus (Mexican Mole Lizard)

     • Range: Baja California
     • Diet: Insects, larvae
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Unique among amphisbaenians for having front limbs.

Order Rhynchocephalia (Tuatara)

141. Sphenodon punctatus (Tuatara)
     • Range: New Zealand
     • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Only surviving member of ancient reptile order.

Order Sphenodontia (Additional Tuatara Species)

142. Sphenodon guntheri (Brothers Island Tuatara)
     • Range: Brothers Island, New Zealand
     • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Slightly smaller variant of tuatara restricted to one island.

Additional Notable Species

Family Cordylidae (Girdled Lizards)

143. Cordylus giganteus (Giant Girdled Lizard)

     • Range: South Africa
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Heavily armored lizard that uses rock crevices for protection.

144. Smaug warreni (Warren's Girdled Lizard)

     • Range: Southern Africa
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Recently reclassified species named after Robert Warren.

Family Helodermatidae (Venomous Lizards)

145. Heloderma suspectum (Gila Monster)

     • Range: Southwestern United States
     • Diet: Small mammals, birds, eggs
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: One of only two venomous lizard species.

146. Heloderma horridum (Mexican Beaded Lizard)

     • Range: Mexico, Guatemala
     • Diet: Small mammals, birds, eggs
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Larger relative of the Gila monster.

Family Lanthanotidae (Earless Monitor)

147. Lanthanotus borneensis (Earless Monitor Lizard)
     • Range: Borneo
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Rare semi-aquatic lizard with no external ears.

Family Anniellidae (American Legless Lizards)

148. Anniella pulchra (California Legless Lizard)
     • Range: California
     • Diet: Insects, larvae
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Snake-like lizard adapted for burrowing in loose soil.

Family Pygopodidae (Snake Lizards)

149. Lialis burtonis (Burton's Snake-lizard)
     • Range: Australia
     • Diet: Other lizards
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Legless lizard specialized for eating other lizards.

Family Diplodactylidae (Gecko Family)

150. Correlophus ciliatus (Crested Gecko)
     • Range: New Caledonia
     • Diet: Insects, fruit
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Thought extinct until rediscovered in 1994, now popular in pet trade.

Family Gerrhosauridae (Plated Lizards)

151. Gerrhosaurus major (Sudan Plated Lizard)

     • Range: Eastern Africa
     • Diet: Insects, plants
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Large, heavily armored lizard with distinctive plates along body.

152. Zonosaurus madagascariensis (Madagascar Plated Lizard)

     • Range: Madagascar
     • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Fast-moving lizard with distinctive lateral stripes.

Family Xantusiidae (Night Lizards)

153. Xantusia vigilis (Desert Night Lizard)

     • Range: Southwestern United States
     • Diet: Small arthropods
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Tiny lizard adapted to living under fallen Joshua tree branches.

154. Lepidophyma flavimaculatum (Yellow-spotted Night Lizard)

     • Range: Central America
     • Diet: Insects, spiders
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Secretive species with distinctive yellow spots.

Family Pelomedusidae (African Side-necked Turtles)

155. Pelusios sinuatus (Serrated Hinged Terrapin)

     • Range: Eastern and Southern Africa
     • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, fish
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Can close front portion of plastron using hinge.

156. Pelomedusa subrufa (African Helmeted Turtle)

     • Range: Sub-Saharan Africa
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Adaptable species that can estivate during dry periods.

Family Podocnemididae (South American Side-necked Turtles)

157. Podocnemis expansa (Giant South American River Turtle)

     • Range: Amazon Basin
     • Diet: Herbivorous
     • Status: Lower Risk
     • Description: Largest side-necked turtle, important for local communities.

158. Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Big-headed Amazon River Turtle)

     • Range: Northern South America
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Large head adapted for crushing mollusks.

Family Carettochelyidae (Pig-nosed Turtles)

159. Carettochelys insculpta (Pig-nosed Turtle)
     • Range: Northern Australia, Southern New Guinea
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Only surviving member of its family, with distinctive pig-like snout.

Family Chelidae (Snake-necked Turtles)

160. Chelus fimbriata (Mata Mata)

     • Range: South America
     • Diet: Fish
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Bizarre appearance with leaf-like appendages for camouflage.

161. Chelodina longicollis (Eastern Long-necked Turtle)

     • Range: Australia
     • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates, fish
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Can extend neck nearly as long as shell.

Family Kinosternidae (Mud Turtles)

162. Kinosternon scorpioides (Scorpion Mud Turtle)

     • Range: Central and South America
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Can close both ends of shell completely.

163. Sternotherus odoratus (Common Musk Turtle)

     • Range: Eastern United States
     • Diet: Omnivorous
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Produces musky odor when handled, hence the name.

Additional Notable Amphibian Species

Family Microhylidae (Narrow-mouthed Frogs)

164. Dyscophus antongilii (Tomato Frog)

     • Range: Madagascar
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Bright red coloration and toxic skin secretions.

165. Kaloula pulchra (Asian Painted Frog)

     • Range: Southeast Asia
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Can inflate body when threatened.

Family Ascaphidae (Tailed Frogs)

166. Ascaphus truei (Coastal Tailed Frog)
     • Range: Pacific Northwest North America
     • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Only frog with internal fertilization.

Family Alytidae (Midwife Toads)

167. Alytes obstetricans (Common Midwife Toad)
     • Range: Western Europe
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Male carries eggs wrapped around legs until they hatch.

Family Leptodactylidae (Southern Frogs)

168. Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Giant Marine Toad)
     • Range: Central and South America
     • Diet: Small vertebrates, large insects
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: One of the largest species in its family.

Family Rhacophoridae (Tree Frogs)

169. Rhacophorus nigropalmatus (Wallace's Flying Frog)

     • Range: Southeast Asia
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Can glide between trees using webbed feet.

170. Polypedates leucomystax (Common Tree Frog)

     • Range: South and Southeast Asia
     • Diet: Insects
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Adaptable species found in urban areas.

Family Salamandridae (Additional Notable Species)

171. Taricha granulosa (Rough-skinned Newt)

     • Range: Western North America
     • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Produces potent neurotoxin tetrodotoxin.

172. Pachytriton brevipes (Chinese Fire Belly Newt)

     • Range: China
     • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Adapted to fast-flowing mountain streams.

Family Plethodontidae (Additional Species)

173. Pseudotriton ruber (Red Salamander)

     • Range: Eastern United States
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Bright red coloration mimics toxic newts.

174. Aneides lugubris (Arboreal Salamander)

     • Range: Western United States
     • Diet: Insects, small invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Specialized toe pads for climbing trees.

Additional Snake Species

Family Typhlopidae (Blind Snakes)

175. Ramphotyphlops braminus (Flowerpot Snake)
     • Range: Originally Asia, now worldwide
     • Diet: Ant and termite eggs
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: All-female species that reproduces by parthenogenesis.

Family Anomalepididae (Dawn Blind Snakes)

176. Liotyphlops albirostris (Dawn Blind Snake)
     • Range: Central and South America
     • Diet: Insect larvae
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Primitive snake with highly reduced eyes.

Family Leptotyphlopidae (Thread Snakes)

177. Leptotyphlops dulcis (Texas Thread Snake)
     • Range: Southern United States
     • Diet: Ant and termite larvae
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Tiny snake specialized for subterranean life.

Family Acrochordidae (File Snakes)

178. Acrochordus granulatus (Little File Snake)
     • Range: Indo-Pacific region
     • Diet: Fish
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Fully aquatic snake with loose, baggy skin.

Additional Lizard Species

Family Gymnophthalmidae (Spectacled Lizards)

179. Gymnophthalmus speciosus (Golden Spectacled Tegu)
     • Range: Central and South America
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Small, active forager with reduced limbs.

Family Dibamidae (Blind Lizards)

180. Dibamus novaeguineae (New Guinea Blind Lizard)
     • Range: Southeast Asia
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Limbless lizard adapted for burrowing.

Additional Unique Species

181. Necturus maculosus (Common Mudpuppy)

     • Range: Eastern North America
     • Diet: Crayfish, insects, small fish
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Fully aquatic salamander that retains external gills.

182. Andrias japonicus (Japanese Giant Salamander)

     • Range: Japan
     • Diet: Fish, crustaceans
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: One of the largest amphibians in the world.

183. Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Hellbender)

     • Range: Eastern United States
     • Diet: Crayfish, fish
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Large aquatic salamander with wrinkled skin for oxygen absorption.

184. Proteus anguinus (Olm)

     • Range: Underground caves of Southeast Europe
     • Diet: Small crustaceans
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Cave-dwelling salamander with no eyes and unpigmented skin.

185. Tylototriton verrucosus (Himalayan Newt)

     • Range: Southeast Asia
     • Diet: Insects, worms
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Distinctive warty appearance with orange-black coloration.

186. Hydromantes brunus (Limestone Salamander)

     • Range: California
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Can shoot its tongue up to 80% of its body length.

187. Siren lacertina (Greater Siren)

     • Range: Southeastern United States
     • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Eel-like salamander with external gills and front legs only.

188. Amphiuma means (Two-toed Amphiuma)

     • Range: Southeastern United States
     • Diet: Crayfish, fish
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Eel-like salamander with tiny vestigial legs.

189. Dicamptodon ensatus (California Giant Salamander)

     • Range: Pacific Coast United States
     • Diet: Small vertebrates, insects
     • Status: Near Threatened
     • Description: Large terrestrial salamander that can vocalize.

190. Rhinophrynus dorsalis (Mexican Burrowing Toad)

     • Range: Central America
     • Diet: Ants, termites
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Specialized for eating social insects.

191. Pipa pipa (Surinam Toad)

     • Range: South America
     • Diet: Aquatic invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Females incubate eggs in pockets on their back.

192. Gastrotheca cornuta (Horned Marsupial Frog)

     • Range: Central and South America
     • Diet: Insects, small vertebrates
     • Status: Endangered
     • Description: Carries eggs in pouch on back like a marsupial.

193. Leiopelma hochstetteri (Hochstetter's Frog)

     • Range: New Zealand
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Ancient frog species with primitive characteristics.

194. Ascaphus montanus (Rocky Mountain Tailed Frog)

     • Range: Northwestern United States
     • Diet: Aquatic insects
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Adapted to life in cold mountain streams.

195. Typhlonectes compressicauda (Rubber Eel)

     • Range: South America
     • Diet: Small aquatic animals
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Fully aquatic caecilian with compressed tail.

196. Rhinatrema bivittatum (Two-lined Caecilian)

     • Range: Northern South America
     • Diet: Earthworms, termites
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Distinguished by two yellow stripes along body.

197. Gegeneophis ramaswamii (Malabar Blind Caecilian)

     • Range: India
     • Diet: Earthworms
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Small, soil-dwelling species discovered relatively recently.

198. Boulengerula taitana (Taita Hills Caecilian)

     • Range: Kenya
     • Diet: Termites, earthworms
     • Status: Vulnerable
     • Description: Mother's skin turns to nutrient-rich food for young.

199. Chthonerpeton indistinctum (Brazilian Rubber Eel)

     • Range: Southern Brazil
     • Diet: Small invertebrates
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Aquatic caecilian with smooth, dark skin.

200. Dermophis mexicanus (Mexican Burrowing Caecilian)

     • Range: Mexico to Panama
     • Diet: Earthworms, termites
     • Status: Least Concern
     • Description: Adaptable species that can inhabit agricultural areas.