chore: move callback and object typedefs to a new types.d.ts

[JoshuaKGoldberg]

PR Checklist

• Addresses an existing open issue: fixes 🛠 Repo: Split type declarations into standalone .d.ts files #5347
• That issue was marked as status: accepting prs
• Steps in CONTRIBUTING.md were taken

Overview

Creates a new lib/types.d.ts and moves every @callback and @typedef {Object} to it. A new tsconfig.json & tsc script can be run to verify that the types in that file can be type checked.

Does not yet validate types in .js files (#4154, #4228). You can preview those by switching tsconfig.json's allowJs to checkJs. I made sure there are no more "Cannot find name ..." errors but fixing the rest of the ~650+ will be a lot more work. Much of the code will be much easier to get type-safe when it's ported from manual function prototypes to classes (#5025). I also held off porting all the info from @types/mocha there to keep the changes minimal.

Does not yet try to pull in types or descriptions from @types/mocha. That would be a bigger change too.

Moves error constants from errors.js to error-constants.js to avoid circular dependency errors.