chore: migrate from flake8 to ruff

[waketzheng]

Description

1. Integrate lint tool flake8/black/flake8-bugbear to ruff
2. Remove typing_extensions from dependencies since it's not used in source code
3. Add 3.14 to ci list
4. Bump up actions/checkout to v5
5. Explicitly set stacklevel for warn function
6. Add uv.lock

[amyreese]

I'm going to make this switch for a bunch of my projects in the near future, and in the mean time prefer to keep all my projects on a consistent set of tools. Thank you!