BUG: Passing original properties of DataFrame and Series subclasses to their constructors

[YankoFelipe]

• closes BUG: Subclassed DataFrame doesn't persist _metadata properties across binary operations #34177 BUG: Subclassed DataFrame doesn't persist _metadata properties across binary operations
• Tests added and passed if fixing a bug or adding a new feature
• All code checks passed.
• Added type annotations to new arguments/methods/functions.
  No new arguments, methods nor functions.
• Added an entry in the latest doc/source/whatsnew/vX.X.X.rst file if fixing a bug or adding a new feature.

While implementing a subclass of Dataframe, I found that in some operations, objects that subclass's DataFrame and Series forget their original properties.

import pandas as pd

class SubclassedSeries(pd.Series):
    _metadata = ['original_property']
    def __init__(self, data=None, original_property=None, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(data, *args, **kwargs)
        self.original_property = original_property
    @property
    def _constructor(self):
        return SubclassedSeries
    @property
    def _constructor_expanddim(self):
        return SubclassedDataFrame


class SubclassedDataFrame(pd.DataFrame):
    _metadata = ['original_property']
    def __init__(self, data=None, original_property=None, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(data, *args, **kwargs)
        self.original_property = original_property
    @property
    def _constructor(self):
        return SubclassedDataFrame
    @property
    def _constructor_sliced(self):
        return SubclassedSeries

## __init__
df = SubclassedDataFrame({'lkey': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'foo'], 'value': [1, 2, 3, 5]}, original_property='original_property')
print(f'__init__: {df.original_property}')

## Select
select_df = df[df['value'] == '1']
print(f'Select: {df.original_property}')

## loc
loc_df = df.loc[df['lkey'] == 'foo']
print(f'loc: {loc_df.original_property}')

## Concat
df = pd.concat([df, df])
print(f'Concat: {df.original_property}')

## Merge
df1 = SubclassedDataFrame({'lkey': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'foo'],
                   'value': [1, 2, 3, 5]}, original_property='original_property')
df2 = SubclassedDataFrame({'rkey': ['foo', 'bar', 'baz', 'foo'],
                   'value': [5, 6, 7, 8]}, original_property='original_property')
merged_df = df1.merge(df2, left_on='lkey', right_on='rkey')
print(f'Merge: {merged_df.original_property}')

## Series
series = df['value']
print(f'Series: {series.original_property}')

## Sum
sum_df = df1 + df2
print(f'Sum: {sum_df.original_property}')

(df * 2).added_property

This functionality is critical for my project so I decided to fix it. I had the following considerations:

• __init__ parameters in both parent classes weren't modified.
• _name stays in Series._metadata and their children because @540db96b. It is removed right before the calling the constructor and added again in __init__ of parent class.
• I added a unit test covering the cases mentioned above. I mentioned BUG: Subclassed DataFrame doesn't persist _metadata properties across binary operations #34177 but I think _metadata items of subclassed pd.Series are not propagated into corresponding SubclassedDataFrame #32860, QST: Subclassing and concat #35415, API: _constructor and subclasses #32638, Transfer _metadata from Subclassed DataFrame to Subclassed Series #19850 and DOC/API: document how to use metadata #8572 are related.
• Each DataFrame child must come with their respective Series child (and vice versa). Both children must contain and handle the same _metadata parameters.
• The constructors' parameters of both children must begin with data=None. The example with (self, data=None, **_metadata, *args, **kwargs) was the cleanest I was able to think without having to clean *args and **kwargs (like the old unit test in pandas/tests/frame/test_subclass.py:MySubclassWithMetadata). Not enforcing data as the first parameter and having to clean up *args and **kwargs felt as wrong as adding *args and **kwargs to __init__ in both parents.

My environment consist on SUSE 15.6 and Python 3.11.11

Edit: Removed WIP comments about tests and code checks.