chore(rust): Add property-based tests for Scalar::cast_with_options

[Kevin-Patyk]

Relates to #23448.

First implementation of using proptest to test core functionality. Tests were run with:

cargo test --all-features -p polars-core test_scalar_cast

Nested types were not included (yet), only simple types. 2 bugs were found, out-of-range date time values causing a panic and casting between Binary and BinaryOffset. These have been made into issues.

The rest of the tests pass:

   Compiling polars-core v0.52.0 (/home/kevincp560/Projects/polars/crates/polars-core)
    Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 15.52s
     Running unittests src/lib.rs (/home/kevincp560/Projects/polars/target/debug/deps/polars_core-385d13635ce3c12b)

running 2 tests
test scalar::tests::test_scalar_cast_identity ... ok
test scalar::tests::test_scalar_cast_with_options ... ok

test result: ok. 2 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 162 filtered out; finished in 0.01s

Number of proptest cases was put at 100, but can easily be increased/decreased.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 80.72%. Comparing base (f91c3a8) to head (9402186).

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #25744      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   80.61%   80.72%   +0.10%     
==========================================
  Files        1763     1763              
  Lines      242867   242912      +45     
  Branches     3043     3043              
==========================================
+ Hits       195797   196087     +290     
+ Misses      46289    46044     -245     
  Partials      781      781              

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