feat: Support SQL ARRAY init from typed literals

[alexander-beedie]

Closes #18713.

Can now handle typed literals in SQL ARRAY declarations.

Example

import polars as pl

pl.sql(
    """
    SELECT
      -- typed temporal literals
      ARRAY[DATE '1969-07-20'] AS dt,
      ARRAY[TIMESTAMP '1999-12-31 00:15:25'] AS dtm,
      
      -- using equivalent cast syntax
      ARRAY['08:30:00'::time, '23:59:59'::time] AS tm_cast,
      
      -- other literal casts
      ARRAY[100::bigint, -50::bigint] AS i64_cast,
      ARRAY[['42'::int16], ['-7'::int16], ['0'::int16]] AS str_to_int_arr,
    """,
    eager=True,
)
# shape: (1, 5)
# ┌──────────────┬───────────────────────┬──────────────────────┬────────────┬───────────────────┐
# │ dt           ┆ dtm                   ┆ tm_cast              ┆ i64_cast   ┆ str_to_int_arr    │
# │ ---          ┆ ---                   ┆ ---                  ┆ ---        ┆ ---               │
# │ list[date]   ┆ list[datetime[μs]]    ┆ list[time]           ┆ list[i64]  ┆ list[list[i16]]   │
# ╞══════════════╪═══════════════════════╪══════════════════════╪════════════╪═══════════════════╡
# │ [1969-07-20] ┆ [1999-12-31 00:15:25] ┆ [08:30:00, 23:59:59] ┆ [100, -50] ┆ [[42], [-7], [0]] │
# └──────────────┴───────────────────────┴──────────────────────┴────────────┴───────────────────┘

[codecov]

Codecov Report

❌ Patch coverage is 89.24731% with 10 lines in your changes missing coverage. Please review.
✅ Project coverage is 81.40%. Comparing base (4929540) to head (85aa3bc).
⚠️ Report is 3 commits behind head on main.

Files with missing lines	Patch %	Lines
crates/polars-sql/src/sql_expr.rs	89.13%	10 Missing ⚠️

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #26622      +/-   ##
==========================================
+ Coverage   81.37%   81.40%   +0.02%     
==========================================
  Files        1794     1794              
  Lines      244998   245061      +63     
  Branches     3079     3079              
==========================================
+ Hits       199379   199482     +103     
+ Misses      44833    44793      -40     
  Partials      786      786              

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