document how to use CI artifacts with GitHub Actions artifact store

[jameslamb]

Contributes to https://github.com/rapidsai/build-infra/issues/237

Replaces #593

Notes for Reviewers

How to Review this

Review the gha-tools PRs this depends on first:

• review introduce rapids-init-pip gha-tools#180
• review WIP: [NOT READY FOR REVIEW] reduce duplication in rapids-get-pr-* scripts gha-tools#173

How I tested this

Looked for all the references to replace like this:

git grep -i downloads
git grep -i s3

Uses these patterns together with these PRs:

• WIP: [NOT READY FOR REVIEW] reduce duplication in rapids-get-pr-* scripts gha-tools#173
• WIP: [DO NOT MERGE] test changes to GitHub Actions configs and scripts rmm#1909
• cudf PR using the outputs from that rmm PR: WIP: [DO NOT MERGE] test gha-tools changes cudf#18747

Saw these patterns work pretty well!

Summarized here: rapidsai/cudf#18747 (comment)

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