storage: add more log context to continuous_batch_parser::consume_records

[WillemKauf]

The ERROR log line we see appearing in the continuous_batch_parser would be more helpful with added information about the batch consumer type and record batch header.

Add a new ERROR log line to output this additional context in the cold path.

Backports Required

• none - not a bug fix
• none - this is a backport
• none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• v24.3.x
• v24.2.x
• v24.1.x

Release Notes

• none

[vbotbuildovich]

CI test results

test results on build#63192

test_id	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed
cloud_storage_rpfixture.cloud_storage_rpfixture	unit	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63192#0195988e-9613-41a8-8403-65043aac9ef1	FAIL	0/2
partition_balancer_simulator_test_rpunit.partition_balancer_simulator_test_rpunit	unit	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63192#0195988e-9613-41a8-8403-65043aac9ef1	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.consumer_group_test.ConsumerGroupTest.test_group_lag_metrics	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63192#019598d8-f30f-4e6a-8cd1-cce545aac06a	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.data_migrations_api_test.DataMigrationsApiTest.test_migrated_topic_data_integrity.transfer_leadership=True.params=.cancellation.dir.in.stage.preparing.use_alias.False	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63192#019598e6-84fa-4a1f-83b4-d37ad2020dcc	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.random_node_operations_test.RandomNodeOperationsTest.test_node_operations.enable_failures=False.mixed_versions=False.with_tiered_storage=True.with_iceberg=False.with_chunked_compaction=True.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63192#019598d8-f30f-4e6a-8cd1-cce545aac06a	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.random_node_operations_test.RandomNodeOperationsTest.test_node_operations.enable_failures=True.mixed_versions=False.with_tiered_storage=True.with_iceberg=True.with_chunked_compaction=False.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63192#019598d8-f30e-4e20-92f2-f85c21a25b58	FLAKY	1/2

test results on build#63196

test_id	test_kind	job_url	test_status	passed
rptest.tests.compaction_recovery_test.CompactionRecoveryUpgradeTest.test_index_recovery_after_upgrade	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63196#01959a61-e39c-404f-ae52-9d0a90af1e60	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.data_migrations_api_test.DataMigrationsApiTest.test_migrated_topic_data_integrity.transfer_leadership=True.params=.cancellation.dir.in.stage.preparing.use_alias.False	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63196#01959a47-cc7b-4856-856a-2a4767f588d1	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.datalake.datalake_e2e_test.DatalakeE2ETests.test_topic_lifecycle.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.catalog_type=CatalogType.NESSIE	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63196#01959a47-cc7a-4990-9acc-ab6c805b2d07	FLAKY	1/2
rptest.tests.datalake.datalake_upgrade_test.DatalakeUpgradeTest.test_upload_through_upgrade.cloud_storage_type=CloudStorageType.S3.query_engine=QueryEngineType.SPARK	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63196#01959a61-e39d-4c78-ac0b-b6626b887978	FAIL	0/20
rptest.tests.scaling_up_test.ScalingUpTest.test_scaling_up_with_recovered_topic	ducktape	https://buildkite.com/redpanda/redpanda/builds/63196#01959a61-e39b-411d-9726-dd7954415a9d	FLAKY	1/2

[vbotbuildovich]

Retry command for Build#63196

please wait until all jobs are finished before running the slash command

/ci-repeat 1
tests/rptest/tests/datalake/datalake_upgrade_test.py::DatalakeUpgradeTest.test_upload_through_upgrade@{"cloud_storage_type":1,"query_engine":"spark"}