ci: update CI configuration for improved caching and dependency management

[smortezah]

This pull request updates the CI workflow configuration in .github/workflows/ci.yml to improve reliability, performance, and security. Key changes include workflow concurrency control, permissions tightening, better caching for dependencies, and updates to action versions.

Workflow improvements:

• Added concurrency settings to prevent overlapping workflow runs and ensure only the latest run for a given branch proceeds.
• Set explicit permissions for workflow to limit repository access to read-only, improving security.

Dependency management and caching:

• Replaced direct pnpm install with a cache setup for the pnpm store directory, improving install speed and reliability. Now uses pnpm install --frozen-lockfile to ensure consistent dependency resolution.

Action and configuration updates:

• Updated action versions for actions/checkout (v5), actions/setup-node (v6), and added fetch-depth: 1 for faster checkouts.
• Added timeout-minutes: 10 for both lint and typecheck jobs to prevent hanging workflows.

[johannschopplich]

Thanks a lot!