Add Giardiasis

references_cache/DOI_10.1007_s11686-024-00828-9.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.1007/s11686-024-00828-9"
+title: Development of New PCR Protocols to Detect Genetic Diversity in the Metronidazole Metabolism Genes in Susceptible and Refractory Clinical Samples of Giardia duodenalis
+authors:
+- Ali Asghari
+- Farzad Mahdavi
+- Amirhosein Yousefi
+- Laya Shamsi
+- Roya Badali
+- Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
+- Hamid Irannejad
+- Behnam Mohammadi-Ghalehbin
+- Saeed Shahabi
+- Qasem Asgari
+- Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
+- Saiyad Bastaminejad
+journal: Acta Parasitologica
+year: '2024'
+doi: 10.1007/s11686-024-00828-9
+content_type: unavailable
+---
+
+# Development of New PCR Protocols to Detect Genetic Diversity in the Metronidazole Metabolism Genes in Susceptible and Refractory Clinical Samples of Giardia duodenalis
+**Authors:** Ali Asghari, Farzad Mahdavi, Amirhosein Yousefi, Laya Shamsi, Roya Badali, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, Hamid Irannejad, Behnam Mohammadi-Ghalehbin, Saeed Shahabi, Qasem Asgari, Mohammad Hossein Motazedian, Saiyad Bastaminejad
+**Journal:** Acta Parasitologica (2024)
+**DOI:** [10.1007/s11686-024-00828-9](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-024-00828-9)
+
+## Content

references_cache/DOI_10.1007_s40475-024-00314-2.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.1007/s40475-024-00314-2"
+title: Current Understanding of Giardia lamblia and Pathogenesis of Stunting and Cognitive Deficits in Children from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
+authors:
+- Lester Gutiérrez
+- Luther Bartelt
+journal: Current Tropical Medicine Reports
+year: '2024'
+doi: 10.1007/s40475-024-00314-2
+content_type: unavailable
+---
+
+# Current Understanding of Giardia lamblia and Pathogenesis of Stunting and Cognitive Deficits in Children from Low- and Middle-Income Countries
+**Authors:** Lester Gutiérrez, Luther Bartelt
+**Journal:** Current Tropical Medicine Reports (2024)
+**DOI:** [10.1007/s40475-024-00314-2](https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-024-00314-2)
+
+## Content

references_cache/DOI_10.1080_19490976.2024.2412676.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.1080/19490976.2024.2412676"
+title: "<i>Giardia</i>
+            spp.-induced microbiota dysbiosis disrupts intestinal mucin glycosylation"
+authors:
+- Elena Fekete
+- Thibault Allain
+- Olivia Sosnowski
+- Stephanie Anderson
+- Ian A. Lewis
+- Andre G. Buret
+journal: Gut Microbes
+year: '2024'
+doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2412676
+content_type: unavailable
+---
+
+# <i>Giardia</i>
+            spp.-induced microbiota dysbiosis disrupts intestinal mucin glycosylation
+**Authors:** Elena Fekete, Thibault Allain, Olivia Sosnowski, Stephanie Anderson, Ian A. Lewis, Andre G. Buret
+**Journal:** Gut Microbes (2024)
+**DOI:** [10.1080/19490976.2024.2412676](https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2024.2412676)
+
+## Content

references_cache/DOI_10.1128_aac.00731-23.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.1128/aac.00731-23"
+title: "Antigiardial and antiamebic activities of fexinidazole and its metabolites: new drug leads for giardiasis and amebiasis"
+authors:
+- Jose Ignacio Escrig
+- Yukiko Miyamoto
+- Alejandro Delgado Aznar
+- Lars Eckmann
+- Anjan Debnath
+journal: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
+year: '2024'
+doi: 10.1128/aac.00731-23
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Antigiardial and antiamebic activities of fexinidazole and its metabolites: new drug leads for giardiasis and amebiasis
+**Authors:** Jose Ignacio Escrig, Yukiko Miyamoto, Alejandro Delgado Aznar, Lars Eckmann, Anjan Debnath
+**Journal:** Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (2024)
+**DOI:** [10.1128/aac.00731-23](https://doi.org/10.1128/aac.00731-23)
+
+## Content
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+            The intestinal parasites
+            Giardia lamblia
+            and
+            Entamoeba histolytica
+            are major causes of morbidity and mortality associated with diarrheal diseases. Metronidazole is the most common drug used to treat giardiasis and amebiasis. Despite its efficacy, treatment failures in giardiasis occur in up to 5%–40% of cases. Potential resistance of
+            E. histolytica
+            to metronidazole is an increasing concern. Therefore, it is critical to search for more effective drugs to treat giardiasis and amebiasis. We identified antigiardial and antiamebic activities of the rediscovered nitroimidazole compound, fexinidazole, and its sulfone and sulfoxide metabolites. Fexinidazole is equally active against
+            E. histolytica
+            and
+            G. lamblia
+            trophozoites, and both metabolites were 3- to 18-fold more active than the parent drug. Fexinidazole and its metabolites were also active against a metronidazole-resistant strain of
+            G. lamblia
+            .
+            G. lamblia
+            and
+            E. histolytica
+            cell extracts exhibited decreased residual nitroreductase activity when metabolites were used as substrates, indicating nitroreductase may be central to the mechanism of action of fexinidazole. In a cell invasion model, fexinidazole and its metabolites significantly reduced the invasiveness of
+            E. histolytica
+            trophozoites through basement membrane matrix. A q.d. oral dose of fexinidazole and its metabolites at 10 mg/kg for 3 days reduced
+            G. lamblia
+            infection significantly in mice compared to control. The newly discovered antigiardial and antiamebic activities of fexinidazole, combined with its FDA-approval and inclusion in the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis, offer decreased risk and a shortened development timeline toward clinical use of fexinidazole for treatment of giardiasis or amebiasis.

references_cache/DOI_10.1128_iai.00065-24.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.1128/iai.00065-24"
+title: "Mucosal vaccination in a murine gnotobiotic model of
+            <i>Giardia lamblia</i>
+            infection"
+authors:
+- Sozaburo Ihara
+- Brian V. Nguyen
+- Yukiko Miyamoto
+- Lars Eckmann
+journal: Infection and Immunity
+year: '2024'
+doi: 10.1128/iai.00065-24
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Mucosal vaccination in a murine gnotobiotic model of
+            <i>Giardia lamblia</i>
+            infection
+**Authors:** Sozaburo Ihara, Brian V. Nguyen, Yukiko Miyamoto, Lars Eckmann
+**Journal:** Infection and Immunity (2024)
+**DOI:** [10.1128/iai.00065-24](https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.00065-24)
+
+## Content
+
+ABSTRACT
+
+
+
+Giardia lamblia
+              is an important protozoan cause of diarrheal disease worldwide, delayed development and cognitive impairment in children in low- and middle-income countries, and protracted post-infectious syndromes in developed regions.
+              G. lamblia
+              resides in the lumen and at the epithelial surface of the proximal small intestine but is not mucosa invasive. The protozoan parasite is genetically diverse with significant genome differences across strains and assemblages. Animal models, particularly murine models, have been instrumental in defining mechanisms of host defense against
+              G. lamblia
+              , but mice cannot be readily infected with most human pathogenic strains. Antibiotic pretreatment can increase susceptibility, suggesting that the normal microbiota plays a role in controlling
+              G. lamblia
+              infection in mice, but the broader implications on susceptibility to diverse strains are not known. Here, we have used gnotobiotic mice to demonstrate that robust intestinal infection can be achieved for a broad set of human-pathogenic strains of the genetic assemblages A and B. Furthermore, gnotobiotic mice were able to eradicate infection with a similar kinetics to conventional mice after trophozoite challenge. Germ-free mice could also be effectively immunized by the mucosal route with a protective antigen, α1-giardin, in a manner dependent on CD4 T cells. These results indicate that the gnotobiotic mouse model is powerful for investigating acquired host defenses in giardiasis, as the mice are broadly susceptible to diverse
+              G. lamblia
+              strains yet display no apparent defects in mucosal immunity needed for controlling and eradicating this lumen-dwelling pathogen.

references_cache/DOI_10.1136_gutjnl-2023-331835.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331835"
+title: "Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia after acute gastroenteritis: systematic review and meta-analysis"
+authors:
+- Serena Porcari
+- Maria Rosa Ingrosso
+- Marcello Maida
+- Leonardo Henry Eusebi
+- Christopher Black
+- Antonio Gasbarrini
+- Giovanni Cammarota
+- Alexander Charles Ford
+- Gianluca Ianiro
+journal: Gut
+year: '2024'
+doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331835
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia after acute gastroenteritis: systematic review and meta-analysis
+**Authors:** Serena Porcari, Maria Rosa Ingrosso, Marcello Maida, Leonardo Henry Eusebi, Christopher Black, Antonio Gasbarrini, Giovanni Cammarota, Alexander Charles Ford, Gianluca Ianiro
+**Journal:** Gut (2024)
+**DOI:** [10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331835](https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2023-331835)
+
+## Content
+
+Objective
+Disorders of gut-brain interaction may arise after acute gastroenteritis. Data on the influence of pathogen type on the risk of postinfection IBS (PI-IBS), as on postinfection functional dyspepsia (PI-FD), are limited. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine prevalence of PI-IBS or PI-FD after acute gastroenteritis.
+
+
+Design
+We included observational studies recruiting ≥50 adults and reporting prevalence of IBS or FD after acute gastroenteritis with ≥3-month follow-up. A random effects model was used to estimate prevalence and ORs with 95% CIs.
+
+
+Results
+In total, 47 studies (28 170 subjects) were eligible. Overall prevalence of PI-IBS and PI-FD were 14.5% and 12.7%, respectively. IBS persisted in 39.8% of subjects in the long-term (>5 years follow-up) after diagnosis. Individuals experiencing acute gastroenteritis had a significantly higher odds of IBS (OR 4.3) and FD (OR 3.0) than non-exposed controls. PI-IBS was most associated with parasites (prevalence 30.1%), but in only two studies, followed by bacteria (18.3%) and viruses (10.7%). In available studies, Campylobacter was associated with the highest PI-IBS prevalence (20.7%) whereas Proteobacteria and SARS-CoV-2 yielded the highest odds for PI-IBS (both OR 5.4). Prevalence of PI-FD was 10.0% for SARS-CoV-2 and 13.6% for bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae 19.4%).
+
+
+Conclusion
+In a large systematic review and meta-analysis, 14.5% of individuals experiencing acute gastroenteritis developed PI-IBS and 12.7% PI-FD, with greater than fourfold increased odds for IBS and threefold for FD. Proinflammatory microbes, including Proteobacteria and subcategories, and SARS-CoV-2, may be associated with the development of PI-IBS and PI-FD.

references_cache/DOI_10.3390_ijms25168627.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.3390/ijms25168627"
+title: The Influence of the Protozoan Giardia lamblia on the Modulation of the Immune System and Alterations in Host Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
+authors:
+- Sylwia Klimczak
+- Kacper Packi
+- Alicja Rudek
+- Sylwia Wenclewska
+- Marcin Kurowski
+- Daniela Kurczabińska
+- Agnieszka Śliwińska
+journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
+year: '2024'
+doi: 10.3390/ijms25168627
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# The Influence of the Protozoan Giardia lamblia on the Modulation of the Immune System and Alterations in Host Glucose and Lipid Metabolism
+**Authors:** Sylwia Klimczak, Kacper Packi, Alicja Rudek, Sylwia Wenclewska, Marcin Kurowski, Daniela Kurczabińska, Agnieszka Śliwińska
+**Journal:** International Journal of Molecular Sciences (2024)
+**DOI:** [10.3390/ijms25168627](https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25168627)
+
+## Content
+
+Giardia lamblia, the cause of giardiasis, significantly impacts patients with metabolic disorders related to insulin resistance (IR). Both giardiasis and metabolic disorders share elements such as chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis, which substantially affect the metabolic and cytokine profiles of patients. This review discusses the mechanisms of virulence of G. lamblia, its influence on the immune system, and its association with metabolic disorders. The review aims to show how G. lamblia invasion acts on the immune system and the glucose and lipid metabolism. Key findings reveal that G. lamblia infection, by disrupting intestinal permeability, alters microbiota composition and immune responses, potentially impairing metabolic status. Future research should focus on elucidating the specific mechanisms by which G. lamblia influences the metabolism, exploring the long-term consequences of chronic infection, and developing targeted therapeutic strategies that include both parasitic and metabolic aspects. These insights underscore the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of giardiasis in patients with metabolic disorders.

references_cache/DOI_10.3390_microorganisms11092323.md

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+---
+reference_id: "DOI:10.3390/microorganisms11092323"
+title: The Gut-Wrenching Effects of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Children
+authors:
+- Mayuri Prabakaran
+- Lyssa Weible
+- Joshua Champlain
+- Ryan Jiang
+- Katalina Biondi
+- Ana Weil
+- Wesley Van Voorhis
+- Kayode Ojo
+journal: Microorganisms
+year: '2023'
+doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11092323
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# The Gut-Wrenching Effects of Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiasis in Children
+**Authors:** Mayuri Prabakaran, Lyssa Weible, Joshua Champlain, Ryan Jiang, Katalina Biondi, Ana Weil, Wesley Van Voorhis, Kayode Ojo
+**Journal:** Microorganisms (2023)
+**DOI:** [10.3390/microorganisms11092323](https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11092323)
+
+## Content
+
+Cryptosporidium species and Giardia duodenalis are infectious intestinal protozoan pathogens that cause alarming rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Children are more likely to have clinical symptoms due to their less developed immune systems and factors such as undernutrition, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The severity of the symptoms and clinical manifestations in children may vary from asymptomatic to life-threatening depending on the Cryptosporidium species/G. duodenalis strains and the resulting complex stepwise interactions between the parasite, the host nutritional and immunologic status, and the gut microbiome profile. Structural damages inflicted by both parasites to epithelial cells in the large and small intestines could severely impair children’s gut health, including the ability to absorb nutrients, resulting in stunted growth, diminished neurocognitive development, and other long-term effects. Clinically approved cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis drugs have broad antimicrobial effects that have incomprehensible impacts on growing children’s gut health.

references_cache/GEO_GSE158187.md

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+---
+reference_id: "GEO:GSE158187"
+title: Steady-state expression of Giardia lamblia transcripts
+content_type: summary
+---
+
+# Steady-state expression of Giardia lamblia transcripts
+
+## Content
+
+RNASequencing and RNA level measurements of G. lamblia transcripts during trophozite stage to compare expression between genes of interest

references_cache/GEO_GSE168675.md

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+---
+reference_id: "GEO:GSE168675"
+title: Defining Giardia lamblia cleavage sites
+content_type: summary
+---
+
+# Defining Giardia lamblia cleavage sites
+
+## Content
+
+3'-end sequencing and Oxford Nanopore Technologies long-read sequencing of trophozoite RNA to define mRNA cleavage sites

references_cache/GEO_GSE36490.md

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+---
+reference_id: "GEO:GSE36490"
+title: "Analysis of the Transcriptomes of Giardia intestinalis Assemblages A, B and E Using Strand-specific RNA-seq"
+content_type: summary
+---
+
+# Analysis of the Transcriptomes of Giardia intestinalis Assemblages A, B and E Using Strand-specific RNA-seq
+
+## Content
+
+We have performed strand-specific RNA-seq of trophozoites from four different Giardia intestinalis strains (A=WB and AS175, B=GS, E=P15).

references_cache/PMID_12654768.md

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+---
+reference_id: "PMID:12654768"
+title: Nalidixic acid-resistant strains of Salmonella showing decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in the mid-west region of the Republic of Ireland.
+authors:
+- Gorman R
+- Adley CC
+journal: J Antimicrob Chemother
+year: '2003'
+doi: 10.1093/jac/dkg159
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Nalidixic acid-resistant strains of Salmonella showing decreased susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in the mid-west region of the Republic of Ireland.
+**Authors:** Gorman R, Adley CC
+**Journal:** J Antimicrob Chemother (2003)
+**DOI:** [10.1093/jac/dkg159](https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkg159)
+
+## Content
+
+1. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003 Apr;51(4):1047-9. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkg159. Epub 
+2003 Feb 25.
+
+Nalidixic acid-resistant strains of Salmonella showing decreased susceptibility 
+to fluoroquinolones in the mid-west region of the Republic of Ireland.
+
+Gorman R, Adley CC.
+
+DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkg159
+PMID: 12654768 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

references_cache/PMID_14501998.md

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+---
+reference_id: "PMID:14501998"
+title: Giardia intestinalis.
+authors:
+- Ali SA
+- Hill DR
+journal: Curr Opin Infect Dis
+year: '2003'
+doi: 10.1097/00001432-200310000-00012
+content_type: abstract_only
+---
+
+# Giardia intestinalis.
+**Authors:** Ali SA, Hill DR
+**Journal:** Curr Opin Infect Dis (2003)
+**DOI:** [10.1097/00001432-200310000-00012](https://doi.org/10.1097/00001432-200310000-00012)
+
+## Content
+
+1. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2003 Oct;16(5):453-60. doi: 
+10.1097/00001432-200310000-00012.
+
+Giardia intestinalis.
+
+Ali SA(1), Hill DR.
+
+Author information:
+(1)Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut School of 
+Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
+
+PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Giardia intestinalis (syn. duodenalis or lamblia) is one of 
+the most common intestinal parasites in the world, with an estimated 2.8 x 10(6) 
+infections per year in humans, and it contributes to diarrhea and nutritional 
+deficiencies in children in developing regions. The wide prevalence of Giardia 
+and its unique place in evolutionary biology have led to ongoing research.
+RECENT FINDINGS: Research into the basic biology of Giardia has highlighted some 
+of its unique properties as an 'early-branching' eukaryote. Although Giardia do 
+not contain mitochondria, they have developed pathways to perform some 
+mitochondrial functions. Investigations into encystation and excystation have 
+identified new gene products that are important in cyst wall formation, and 
+signal transduction events that occur during excystation. The ability to 
+transfect Giardia stably will lead to an improved understanding of its 
+development and metabolism. Molecular typing of G. intestinalis isolates 
+indicates that most animal parasites are not associated with human infection. 
+Insights into immunology have helped define the role of IL-6 in the early 
+control of murine giardiasis, and the contributions of IgA in controlling 
+infection. Further studies of giardiasis in poorly nourished children in 
+developing regions supports an important contributing role of Giardia in 
+stunting and cognitive impairment. Finally, new diagnostic assays using antigen 
+detection are being evaluated and a new agent, nitazoxanide, has been approved 
+in the USA for the treatment of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in children.
+SUMMARY: Research into the biology of Giardia should increase knowledge about 
+protist differentiation and will complement studies in other biological systems. 
+Continued study of the role of Giardia in chronic diarrhea and malnutrition in 
+developing regions will help focus strategies to improve childhood growth and 
+nutrition.
+
+DOI: 10.1097/00001432-200310000-00012
+PMID: 14501998 [Indexed for MEDLINE]