[workspace] Upgrade vtk_internal to latest commit

[Aiden2244]

Towards #22928

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This change is 

[jwnimmer-tri]

FYI It seems like the problem is the diagnostic observer added in #21090 is no longer effective -- VTK is raising errors globally instead of feeding them through the diagnostic infrastructure. Here is the code that's supposed to observe the error:

drake/geometry/render_vtk/internal_render_engine_vtk.cc

Lines 662 to 676 in e1d5256

	vtkNew<vtkGLTFImporter> importer;
	observe(importer);
	const MeshSource& mesh_source = mesh.source();
	if (mesh_source.is_path()) {
	importer->SetFileName(mesh_source.path().c_str());
	} else {
	vtkNew<VtkGltfUriLoader> uri_loader;
	uri_loader->SetMeshSource(&mesh_source);
	vtkSmartPointer<vtkResourceStream> gltf_stream =
	uri_loader->MakeGltfStream();
	importer->SetStream(gltf_stream);
	importer->SetStreamURILoader(uri_loader);
	importer->SetStreamIsBinary(false);
	}
	importer->Update();

Generally we ask Kitware to solve VTK upgrade problems, so that's over to +@BetsyMcPhail to delegate someone, please.

[jwnimmer-tri]

Oh. Pretty clearly the first place to start looking is this patch that deleted the error handling:
https://gitlab.kitware.com/vtk/vtk/-/commit/de1602836934a56f16f0d7d50ca2f23360aecebc#c641df96778e9d53adc770f010a0fa1f2d41a95a

[jwnimmer-tri]

(For the moment, it probably makes sense to add a *.patch file local to Drake that undoes the change to IO/Import/vtkGLTFImporter.cxx while you sort it out upstream. That will let us get this upgrade landed.)

[jwnimmer-tri]

@BetsyMcPhail this is also available as a small task for Kitware. Doesn't need to be a VTK-specific person.

[Aiden2244]

Replaced by #23038