Gender

Gender 𓄿 𓅱 𓅮 𓅭 𓅬

See Pronouns genitive articles and kinship

Gender in Proto-Cuneiform

𜑹𛴞𜉇 𜊊 𓃜 𓃝 𓃵 𓃶 𓃒 bull bock vs 𜉮

𛿢 羊 󵐯 🐐 See Elamite 𛿓𛿔𛿕𛿖𛿗𛿘𛿙𛿚𛿛𛿜𛿝𛿞𛿟𛿠𛿡 𛿢𛿣𛿤 𜉨𜉾 goats 𜉮female + 𜊊 male combined 𜉗 sheep 𜈽 female + 𛵉 male 𜈽 𜈽 female adult sheep 𜈾𜉄𜉅𜉆𜉇𜉈𜉉𜉊𜉋𜉌𜉍𜉎𜉏 ? 𜈿 female juvenile sheep 𜈿𜉀𜉁𜉂𜉃 𛵖 ≈ 𒪥 𛵉 male adult sheep 𛵈 𛵇 𜉗? 𓄌 ⋍ 𓏴 𛵍 𛵎 𜍂? 𛵊 male juvenile sheep 𛵋𛵌 𒇻𛵆 卍 luck 𜍉 𜊊 male adult goats 𓄋 𜑹𛴞𜉇 part bull bock 𜊏𜊐𜊑𜊘𜊙𜊚 ... 𜊎 𜊒𜊓 : 𜊌 male juvenile goats 𜊋𜊖 𜊗 𜊍𜊔𜊕 𜉩 𜊛𜊠 ? 𜊞𜊜𜊝𜊞𜊟𜊡𜊢𜊣𜊤𜊥𜊦𜊧𜊨 ? ≈ 𛸒 𜂉 𜒋 ri •rind ren "young" 𓂋 𓈖 𓇋 𓇋 𓃔 | calf 𜉤𜉥𜉦𜉧 𜉪𜉫𜉬𜉭 pen? 𜉐 horn ...𜉑𜉒𜉔𜉖𜉗𜉘𜉙𜉚𜉛𜉜𜉝𜉟𜉠𜉡𜉢𜉣 𜊅𜊆𜊇𜊈𜊉

𓄜 ≈ 𒋾𒆷 tila; ti-la теля́ teljá теле teľa teļš vitulus, vitula, vitellus, vitella "calf" < taur

𜊠𜊡𜊢𜊣 𒀫/𒉒 vulgar hips 𒀭 anus 𒊩 vagina vs 𜌓 ≈ 𓂸 ? 𜊠𜊡𜊢𜊣 𒉒 𒥒𒥓𒥥𒥦𒥚𒥡𒥔𒥕𒥘𒥙𒥛𒥝𒥞𒥟𒥠𒥢𒥣𒥤𒥧𒥨

𒨼 𒨹 SHITA₁ 𒋖 𒨺 𒨻 ??

𒄭 he 𒡒 𒡓 "male" ≈ 𒋓 𒉢 𒥮 pil₆ <> 𒕐 𒠠 𓈙 𒄑 giš 𒤈 𒄭 hi < 𜎼 Vieh 𛿺 in 𜎼𜎅𜏧 ᵛAtta 𜎼𜏂𜎼 father (𜎼 VA < PA 𓊪 )
𒁲 DIᵖ 𒄭𒋰 dab tap 𒋫 𓃒 taur

𒟵 ≈ 𒇔 ≈ 回 ≈ 𒮤 ≈ 𜏧 ≈ 𒨔 ≈ 𒊮 SHÀ Schaf 𒇔 𒥌 NIGIN

𒟵 ≈ 回 juveniles (wool sheep) 𒧼 SUG 𒧴 𒧱 𒃢 SILA4 𒟵𒡓 ≈ 回𜏃 males 𒧵 (juveniles wool sheep) 𒦡𒟵 ≈ 𒊩回 females (juveniles wool sheep)

𒫰 𒫲 𒪤𒡕 UTUA 𒇻 UDU widder 𒫱 𒪪 𒪨 𒪩 𒇻𜏃 males (adult wool sheep) 𒪤 𒇻 females (adult wool sheep)
𒠺 U₈ ewe 𒠻 𒠼
𜉮𜊄 𜉯𜉰𜉱𜉲𜉳𜉴𜉵𜉶𜉷𜉸𜉹𜉺𜉻𜉼𜉽𜉾𜉿𜊀𜊂𜊃 female adult goat 𜊁female juvenile goat

𒪧 = 𒇻 ≈ 𒪤 ≈ 𒠽 𒠾 𒠿 𒡀 GUKKAL "Fat-tailed sheep?"

𒈦 maš₂ males (young) 𓄟 𒈧 maš₂ males (adult) 𓋩 𓏤 𓃒 𓃶

𒪠 ≈ 𒉇𒋰 ≈ 𒌆𒋰 females (young) 𒪡 𒪢 𒍚 𒍛 𜎶 𜎷 ≈ 𓄜 pointing down not up(?!) 𒪣 ≈ 𒆸𒋰 ≈ 𒇻𒋰 females (adult) <> 𒞔 ESHGAR 𒀾 𒃼 not horns?

𒊩回 vs 回𜏃 𒧵 𒊩𒃢 vs 𒃢𒍑

𒍑 NITA 男 nán man 𜏃 𜏄 𜏇 vs 𒊩 ≈ 𒆕·𒀸 ≈ ⩥ ⌲ 𐅙 𜒷 MUNUS Minne WoMAN gyne niña 𒍑 GÌŠ ≈ goat ≈ Ziege #zikarum in Gender 𒍑 GÌŠ ĝeš GEŠ3 𒂷.𒍑 G.UŠ Geschlecht 𓂸 → 𓂹 𓂺 ≈ 𜏃 ? 𒈮

cattle goatl?

𒫳 UTUL 𒀖𒇻 ? 𒫵 UTUL 𒫶 UTUL

Gender in Linear A/B 𐀠 𐀁 𐀴

𐙫 I 𐘇 A 𐘇 a 𐘯 NU neuter 𐀙 : das 𒁹 dash as 𒀸 aš 1. ein,one,ek «on» ⇔ plural -i -a -en ?
𒉺 pa 𐘂 PA 𐀞 pa male pêre person 𒁍 púʳ 𒁍 par פר bull 𒁍𒄩𒇻 pu-ḫa-lu male bock
𐘂 PA 𐀞 pa male පුරුෂ puruṣa පිරිමි pirimi ผู้ pûu pria > vir > hero > *uros@Ural > úr > е р er արու aru ἄρσην ársēn 𓅷 𓄿 𓇋 𓇋 𓂺 | pꜣy | male, man | PIE *pH₂wer- "man, hero"; Sanskrit पुरुष puruṣa; Latin puer "boy" 𐘠 TI 𐀴 ti 𓏏 ta female! 𐀺 WOman 𐘠⋍VM/AVA/EVE OVIs EVEs dAi 𐀴 tai tell 𐙚 𐘡 大 dà upont
𐙛 •SI 𐀯 si 𔐑𔐒 𔐏𔐐 SHE 𔓞 Ω womega 𓋹 vs 𐠣 ra 𐀪 ri •raš 𓍶 wr
𐘡 E 𐙛 •ES 𐙛 𐘠𐘂 mixed neuter ? 𐀴 ti ⋍ 𐙛 •SI 𐀯 si 𐘤•SI she? as in 𐘏 : 𐘑 : 𐚽/𐘐 she-goat sheep capre

Linear-A 𐘐 𐘑 𐚽 gender

Linear-B
𐙼 vs 𐚲 𐜶 vs sau 𐂊 𐂋 pork

𐙄
𐁂 AU das Schwein hog swine
𐂊 SAU die Sau sod! sog gilt
𐂋 ESAU der Eber boar pig pork bull

VIR 𓆑

𐀞 pa' fēil 非 𐀸 vn 𐀺 > vir "male" person
𐘂 PA male පුරුෂ puruṣa පිරිමි pirimi (IE Sinhalese) ผู้ pûu pria > vir > hero > *uros@Ural > úr > е р er արու aru ἄρσην ársēn
Micro ornament vi 𓇌 in hieratic ligatures

• similar to 𐀞 «pa» in Linear B: 𐀡𐀰𐂓ka𓊖po𓊪 male 𒉺/π/bi/pe𓂸
• similar to 𐘠 ⋍ v «femme» in Linear B: 𐂆𐂈𐂊 soft m/v/u/o/w/f 𐁄 DWO

𐰼 r² "male" @ Old Turk 𐀪 ri:man | 𐂀 vir:man

neuter	male	female	collective / comment
𐙫 𐘇 𐘇	𐘂 𐀞	𐘠 𐀴	𐘡 E 𐙛 •ES 𐙛 𐘠𐘂 𐀯 sie
𐀪 ri:man	𐂀 vir:man	𐁑𐂁 mul woman	man 𐂀 vs 𐀪 human 𓂋 𓅓 𓍿 𓀀 Romans
𐁂 𐙄 hog	𐂋 boar,pig	𐂊 sow,sod	swine
𐂃 horse	𐂅 asp,hippo	𐂄 mare 马
𐁒 goat	𐂉 CAPER	𐂈 she-goat	capre gamma⋍ram 𓍕 𓋴 𓃜 𓃛
𐘒 goat	𐘔 bock	𐘓 she-goat	capre 𐚾 𐘔𐙂 KUᵖʳ פר 𐛯 ( 𐘤 ≈ 𐙂 KU ⚠ ) 𐠄 Uʷ ewe
𐀥 qi/we⋍ovis	𐂇 ram/bock	𐂆 ewe	𐀥 qiᵖ ≈ sheep •qawe ≈ Schafe 𔒊
𐘏 QIᵖ sheep	𐘑 ram/bock	𐚽/𐘐 ewe	𐘏 QI ⋍ 𐘕 cattle 𐘏 QIᵖ ⇔ capre
𐀘 mu:Muh	𐂍 BA:bull	𐂌 cow	𐀕 me ox 𓏠 𓈖 𓃒 𓀸 ⲙⲁⲛⲓ 𔒁 𔑾 Minotaur mäh? 𐂍 beef 𐘕 MU:Rind

𐀘 mu móskhos 𐂍 ‘young bull / calf’ Arm. mozi ‘calf’

𐘏 ≈ 𒈦 MAŠ < 𒈧 máš ≈ 𐀘 mu ⇔ 𐀕 me

𐘇 Das Beil, axe ≈ ox

The extremely strong taur root is missing in this table
𐘄 TO 𐀵 to Taur according to Miguel Valério https://www.academia.edu/69149241 ⇔ 𒋼 TE
𐘄 TO 𐀵 to top ⇔ 𓄋 𓏏 𓊪 ⲧⲁⲡ 𒋰 TAB "horn" 𓂧 𓃀 𓄏 ⲧⲁⲡ

𓄱 M in 󴬱 󴭌 gamma mammal

𐘉 amar 𐀕 me 𐘉 U Au-Vieh

Historically cattle could mean small bovines and small ruminants

𐘕 ≈ 𐘏𔖱 ra.ind 𓄚 : Rind
𐀘 ≈ 𐘏𐙫 ≈ 𐘏𐘇 Au Aᵐ ᵐA ≈ mu
𐀘 ≈ 𐘏𐙫 ≈ 𐘏𐘗 NE neuter
𐀘 ≈ 𐘏𐙫 ≈ 𐘏𐘯 NU ≈ MU 𐘕

𐂍 L'BA : beef bull see alpha Alpvieh
𐂌 L'BO : bos vache

The Linear-A series each contain one sign more, maybe a collective 𐚾 unless 𐚽 ≈ 𐘐 and 𐘋 ≈ 𐛖

The 𐀕 me 𐘋 ME (milk cow?) association is a bit strange.

𐙼 𐚲 𐜶

Collective / Kid forms might correspond to neuter

𐘕 MU 𐀘 mu muh/Mäh
𐘖 MU 𐂍 •bull

𐀥 qi ≈ 𐘏 QI ⇔ 𐘕 𐁒 similar series in Linear B/A orthography

Linear A: 𐘆 𐛈 𐛉 𐛊 𐛋 𐘋 𐘕 𐘖 𐛂 𐛖 𐘏 𐘑 𐚽 𐘐 𐘒 𐘓 𐘔 𐚾

𐠈 ju ⇔
𐠄 U ewe ovis 𐁒 𐘒 𐘓 𐘔 𐚾 羊 in oracle script !
𐠖 mi 𐘒 MI 𐘋 ME mäh 𐀘 mu 𐘕 MU muh
𐠌 ki 𐀥 qi •cow/capre/cattle ⇔ 𐘒 …
𐠏 la lamb ⋍ 𐠄 U ewe ovis 𐁒 𐘒 𐘓 𐘔 sheep-goat bock …

Question

(How) are kids, calfs and (pregnant) mothers represented in this scheme?

Mixed orthography

The linear A form 𐘠 TI (⋍ 𐀴 ti) occurs in Linear B
𐀥 => 𐂆 ≠ 𐂇
𐁒 => 𐂈 ≠ 𐂉
𐁂 => 𐂊 ≠ 𐂋
The linear B form 𐀴 ti (⋍ 𐘠 TI) occurs in Linear A
𐘏 => 𐘐 ≠ 𐘑

The ti form can be closed delta / triangle 𐘠 : 𓏏 Δ 𐁑 𐂁 𐂄≠𐂃

𐘌 𐘍 𐘎 𐙱 zoo?
𐙱 𐚹 𐚺 𐚻 𐚼 𐘫 perro
𐁒 𐘒 𐘓 𐘔 𐚾 missing female for "ram" in Linear-A
𐘕 𐘖 𐘋 𐛊 𐛋 𐀘

cow vs bull

𐙂 KU cow vs horn 𓃒 #ka ⇔ 𐘠𐘠 TI.TI tit
𐠞 pa 𐘂 PA 𐀞 pa 𒉺 PA 𐎔 PA bull 𓃝 #bꜣ "bull" par פר ⇔ 𒁍 púʳ

𐙂 KU ≈ 𐘤 are probably equivalent in gender ligatures
𐘏 𐘑 𐚽 𐘐
𐁒 𐘒 𐘓 𐘔 𐚾
𐘕 𐘖 𐘋 𐛂 𐛖

unexplained

𐛖 𐘕·𐘸 KI 𐀑 ki kid goat 𓃶 𐘍·𐚠 ⇔ 𓋹 𓈖 𓐍 𐘹 TU ?

𐙚•WO 𐚊•WU woman vs viri

𐘢 PI 𐘊 PO 𐘫 PU p- 𐀞 pa 𐀟 pe 𐀠 pi

Note the mixed form 𐚾 though!

The "human" series is absent in Linear-A
𐀪 rin:man|𐂀 vir:man|𐁑𐂁 mul woman|𐁐

and may or may not correspond to abstract 𐙕 𐝥 •RI/IA

The neuter form is a bit difficult, as it connects 𐘠 and 𐘂 / 𐙫
𐘢 PI 𐀠 pi π ⇔ bu 𓃀 𓍢 𓇩 pod
𐘡 E 𐙛 •ES 𐙛 𐘠𐘂 mixed neuter ? 𐀴 ti ⋍ 𐙛 •SI 𐀯 si 𐘤•SI she? as in 𐘏 : 𐘑 : 𐚽/𐘐 she-goat sheep capre

Maybe it encapsulated both 𐘂 PA and 𐘠 TI 𐀴 ti into one abstract 𓅮 πת •pta akin to
𓊪 𓅮 𓄿 𓆃 | fly | πτερό

Interestingly some ligature series extend to non-animals:
𐘚 I 𐀂 i yad 𐘛 "hand" ⇔ 𐘈 SE 𐀮 𐁁 using 𐘠 / 𐀺
𓂝+𓏙=𓂞 in Egyptian hieroglyps
𔐱+𔐑=𔐳 in Anatolian hieroglyps
𔐴+𔐒=𔐲 in Anatolian hieroglyps

𔐑 sir 𓇓 ⇔ 𐙛 si ??
𔐑 #king ⇔ 𔐏 𔐐 𔐑 𔐒 lord 𔖙 ⇔ 𒃲 ⇔ 𒈗 = 𒃲 + 𒇽

Gender in Luwian

𔕠 #VIR (gēr)man 戈 个
𔑘 #FEMINA #MATER woman! oval eve => 𔐱 ⇔ 𔖙 𐙡 Ω 𔖚 𔖛 •oMEGA ⇔ femme.mata
𔑘 ia 𓏏 𓆇 theia 𐀴 ti theï
𔗽 laₓ 𐘙 le 𐀩 re 𔗹 hur (feminine Gender?) 𔗽 ⇔ 𐀴 ti ?

Gender in Egyptian

Instead of ligature 𐘠 TI 𐀴 ti, 𓏏 ta is simply added to the end of a word,
either as orthographic convention or reflecting true phonetic formation in Semitic languages and beyond.

swine,sow => sod

It is possible, but unprovable, that the phonetic reading only developed under such orthographic convention.

Gender ligatures in other systems … lost?

𒁍𒄩𒇻 pu-ḫa-lu

𒂄 ŠUL •sýr 𓃟 sow
𒋚 ŠAḪUL suhlen
𒋚 •ŠAḪUⁿ swine NL
𒋚 šah sah2 ŠAḪ, ŠAḪ2 sow/swine
𒋚 SHUBUR / ŠUBUR > εber > Eber @ Schuber Schuppen

mothers vs virgins?

𐙁 MA 𔓬 #MONS mountain ⇔ munus 𒊩 𐀴 𐘠 mon.ta feminine gender
𐛣 𐙁𐙁 MA.MA
𐛢 𐙁𐘘 MA.RU 580
𐛡 𐙁𐘇 MA.A •mother

Gender in Chinese

Mostly merely orthographic
他 tā 亻rén ⇔ 人 𐀪 rin ⇔ ἄρσην
她 tā 女 nǚ ⇔ 妳 nin
地 de neutral genitive ⇔ tā 它

Gender table / map

Todo: visualize the different gender suffixes in IE and neighboring languages

Notes

The female 𐂊 Δ delta can be explicit as in δέλφαξ délphax sow ⇔ porks ferkel

𔓬 #MONS mountain ⇔ munus 𒊩 𐀴 𐘠
𐙁 mun 𒊩 𐀴 𐘠 feminine